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Zellner1990 Zellner1991 Zellner1993 Zellner1994 Zellner1994 Zellner2000 Zellner2000^ Zeltner1994 Zembrzuska19755 Zepu19818U Zevenhuizen1992 Zeyer2003 Zhang2002 Zhang2002 Zhang2003 Zhangzhen1981  Zhenghu2003 Zhibao20030 Zhong1991  Zhong1991 Zhong1992  Zhong1992 Zhou2003 Zhu2003 Zhung1981 Ziegler1979 Ziegler1986 Ziegler1986 Ziegler1986 Ziegler1988s  Ziegler1988  Ziegler1998  Zielke2002b Zimdahl1973  Zimmerman1979  Zimmerman1980  Zimmerman1993!  Zimmermann1989 Znachor2003f Zoberi1961d Zoberi1964"  Zombr19961e Zonneveld1975r Zorn20020 Zotz20000 Zotz20000#  Zsuzsanna1977$  Zuckerman1970%  Zukal1896& Zulpa de Caire1997'  Zweig1963(  Zweig1968 Zweig1971)  Zweig1972 Zweig1974\ Zykina19699 imek2003  trojsov2003  trojsov2003* lehlov19923na1969999  |  (- !5"$'()*+w,-/:1 <23456:;=>@A{,B!EFG"HKILNuOQ6RSTV~WYZ7[\]^}`za9bce8fghjl/mopq  $rtM tareailrAwtroknUsudePtanetlEcertnociS uocr epOneE px rlCso exErpP erif xaMkrre Authors.Journals Keywords7           |         { z y x w v& u t sPF r q p0 o< n m" lR k.(St. Clair, Larry L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. 1985d^Rapid reestablishment of cryptogamic soil crusts after fire through use of a soil crust slurryJournal of Phycology21Abstract 37: 10r81biological soil crust, inoculation, cyanobacteriar>7St. Clair, Larry L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. Webb, Bruce L.o 1986b[Rapid stabilization of fire-disturbed sites using a soil crust slurry: inoculation studiesx,%Reclamation and Revegetation Research4261-269,d]Algae, disturbed lands, erosion control, fire, vegetation establishment, cyanobacteria, crust$St. Clair, L.L. Warrick, R.B. 1987OAscarospora nodulosa (Duf.) Hue. var. nodulosa: A new record for North Americal  & . The Bryologist9018 48-49cyanobacteria, crust2,St. Clair, L.L. Newberry, C.C. Nebeker, G.T. 1991$Catalog of the lichens of Utah MycotaxonXL199-264 $St. Clair, L.L. Newberry, C.C. 1991Preliminary lichen biomonitoring program and air quality baseline in Selected Class I Wilderness areas of Colorado, Coconino, Kiabab, Prescott, and Tonto National Forests Arizona :3Chiricahua Wilderness Area, National Forest Service 56 Final ReportD>St. Clair, L.arry L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. Rushforth, Samuel R. 1993^XLichens of soil crust communities in the intermountain area of the western United StatesGreat Basin Naturalist531 5-12LFlichens, cryptogamic crusts, microbiotic crusts, biological soil crust.(St. Clair, Larry L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. 1993>7Introduction to the symposium on soil crust communitiesaGreat Basin Naturalist531, 1-4ucyanobacteria, crustSt. John, J.B. 1971zIComparative effects of diuron and chlorpropham on ATP levels in Chlorella @  Weed Science19274-276iD>Staal, Marc te Lintel-Hekkert, Sacco Harren, Frans Stal, Lucas 2001Nitrogenase activity in cyanobacteria measured by the acetylene reduction assay: a comparison between batch incubation and on-line monitoring Environmental Microbiology35343-351$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria 0)Stal, L.J. Grossberger, S. Krumbein, W.E. 1984haNitrogen fixation associated with the cyanobacterialmat of a marine laminated microbial ecosystemMarine Biology82217-224pcyanobacteria, crust*$Stal, Lucas J. Krumbein, Wolfgang E. 1985vOxygen protection of nitrogenase in the aerobically nitrogen fixing, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. f r Archives of Microbiology 143 72-76Rcyanobacteria, crust, Oscillatoria, nitrogen fixation, oxygen protection of N2-ase  " M @N  Stal, L.J. 1995TNPhysiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communitiesNew Phytologist  131  1-32 Stam, W.T. Holleman, H.C.  1975The influence of different salinities on growth and morphological variability of a number of Phormidium strains (Cyanophyceae) in culture6 ] g Acta Bot. Neerl.24379-390iStam, W.T. Venema, G.r 1977zsThe use of DNA-DNA hybridization for determination of the relationship between some blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae)hActa Bot. Neerl.26327-342 Stam, W.T. 1980~wRelationships between a number of filamentous blue-green algal strains (Cyanophyceae) revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization6/Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 56, Algological Studiese25351-3747<6Stanier, R.Y. Kunisawa, R. Mandel, M. Cohen-Bazire, G. 1971XQPurification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales)Bacteriol. Rev.35171-205w Stanier, R.Y. 1973B;Autotrophy and heterotrophy in unicellular blue-green algae Can, N.G. Whitton, B.A.&The Biology of Blue-green Algaea Oxford &Blackwell Scientific PublisherscBot. Mono. No. 9 Stanier, R.Y. 1974D>The relationships between nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis0*Australian Journal of Exp. Biol. Med. Sci.52 3-20 A ^ H@?>{N=  <;:9 Reynaud, P.A. Roger, P.A. 1978r.N2-fixing algal biomass in Senegal rice fields  @ Ecological Bulletin26148-157pcyanobacteria, crust Reynaud, P.A. 1987pjEcology of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in dry tropical habitats of West Africa: a multivariate analysisPlant and Soil98203-2202"Reynaud, P.A. Metting, F.B.  1988f`Colonization potential of cyanobacteria on temperate irrigated soils in Washington State, U.S.A..'Biological Agriculture and Horticulture5197-208u"Reynaud, P.A. Lumpkin, T.A.. 1988:3Microalgae of the Lanzhou (China) cryptogamic crust,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitationf2r145-155PJReynolds, Richard Belnap, Jayne Reheis, Marith Lamothe, Paul Luiszer, Fred 2001ZSAeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: nutrient inputs and recent change in source6/Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesf9813 7123-7127pRhodes, R. Herndon, W.R. 1967|KRelationship of temperature to zoospore production in Tetraspora gelatinosa 6 Journal of Phycology3n 1-5r"Rhodes, L.H. Gerdemann, J.W. 1980@:Nutrient translocation in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae <5Cook, Clayton B. Pappas, Peter W. Rudolph, Emanuel D.81Cellular Interactions in Symbiosis and Parasitisme  Columbus, OH "Ohio State University Press 173-1955fungi, desiccation, BSC pulled Rice, T.R. 1954HABiotic influences affecting population growth of planktonic algaeFish Bulletin, US No. 8754227-245 Rice, E.L. 1964JDInhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plantsEcology45824-837,&Richardson, David H.S. Young, Colin M. 1977Lichens and vertebratest Seaward, M.R.D.Lichen Ecology &London, New York, San Francisco Academic Press121-144biological soil crustt,%Richardson, David H.S. Nieboer, Evert 1980<5Surface binding and accumulation of metals in lichenso <5Cook, Clayton B. Pappas, Peter W. Rudolph, Emanuel D.81Cellular Interactions in Symbiosis and Parasitism9  Columbus, OH "Ohio State University Press 75-94 lichens, desiccation, bscRichardson, David H.S. 199381The physiology of drying and rewetting in lichens. Jennings, D.H. Stress Tolerance of Fungie New York Marcel Dekker, Inc.b275-296lichen, bsc, desiccationRichardson, D.H.S. 1999nhWar in the world of lichens: parasitism and symbiosis as exemplified by lichens and lichenicolous fungiMycological Research 1036641-650Richter, A. Orlowa, K. 1928NGQuantitative Feststellung der Algen Vegetation in den Boden bei Saratow J. Landw.5 315"Rickard, W.H. Vaughan, B.E.s 19884-Plant community characteristics and responses >7Rickard, W.H. Rogers, L.E. Vaughn, B.E. Liebetrau, S.F.LEShrub-steppe: Balance and Change in a Semi-arid Terrestrial Ecosystemd  Amsterdam Elsevier109-179ivFexotic plants, shrub-steppe, grazing, invasive plants, Bromus, Salsola7tnentire book photocopied and filed under "Rickard, W.H." in BFC; cited in "Nitrogen Dynamics in Arid Rangeland"HGF D 8CBA<@. ?>=0<;:98"Anagnostidis, K. Komrek, J. 1990XRModern approach to the classification system of the Cyanophytes 5: StigonematalesAlgological Studies59 1-73cyanobacteria, crust(!Anand, N. Rajaram, Murugesan V.S. 1996*$Nitrogen fixation at night in natureCurrent Sciencet702t119-120 Cyanobacteria,&Anantani, Yashesh S. Marathe, Kusum V. 1974JCObservations on algae of some arid and semi-arid soils of Rajasthanr*#Journal of the University of Bombay4168 88-93cyanobacteria, crust,&Anantani, Yashesh S. Marathe, Kusum V. 1974ZTSoil aggregating effects of some algae occurring in the soils of Kutch and Rajasthan*#Journal of the University of Bombayd4168 94-100"Anderson, R.A. Carmer, M.B. 19740)Additions to the lichen flora of ColoradoThe Bryologist77216-223.'Anderson, David C. Rushforth, Samuel R. 1976HAThe cryptogam flora of desert soil crusts in southern Utah, U.S.A Nova Hedwigia28691-7292,cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, lichenAnderson, J.R Drew, E.A. 1976Effects of pure paraquat dichloride, "Gramoxone W" and formulation additives on soil microbiological activities. I. Estimation of soil biomass in laboratory treated soil"Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 2 abt 131125-135cyanobacteria, crustAnderson, J.R. 1978:3Pesticide effects on non-target soil microorganisms Hill, I.R. Wright, S.J.L.Pesticide Microbiology London Academic Presscyanobacteria, crustAnderson, D.C. 1978Cryptogamic soil crusts: factors influencing their development in Utah deserts and their recovery from grazing on Utah winter ranges  Provo, UTu Brigham Young UniversityPh.D. Dissertation"Anderson, T.R. Patrick, Z.A. 1978qMycophagous amoeboid organisms from soil that perforate spores of Thielaviopsis basicola and Cochliobolus sativusaBX]Phytopathology68 1618-162682mycophagous Vampyrellidae, fungi, desiccation, bscB;ref from Cooke & Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulledAnderson, L.E. 19802+Cytology and reproductive biology of mossesr Taylor, R.J. Leviton, A.E."The Mosses of North America  San Franciscoi LEAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Divisionb 37-761put in Crust Biblio>8Anderson, David C. Harper, Kimball T. Holmgren, Ralph C. 1982PJFactors influencing development of cryptogamic soil crusts in Utah deserts"Journal of Range Management3528180-185tTNUtah desert, cryptogamic soil crust, grazing, rangelands, cyanobacteria, crust6/Anderson, David C. Harper, K.T. Rushforth, S.R.s 1982LFRecovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges"Journal of Range Managemento353355-359-nhcryptogamic soil crusts, Utah winter ranges, lichen, moss, algal, domestic grazing, cyanobacteria, crust>8Anderson, R.V. Ingham, R.E. Trofymow, J.A. Coleman, D.C. 1984XQSoil mesofaunal distribution in relation to habitat types in a shortgrass prairie- Pedobiologia26257-261c Anderson, W. 1986HBQuail Creek lifespan threatened: by soil destruction, prof. warnsThe Daily Spectrum Washington County Editiono col. June 15, 19868*$Anderson, L.E. Crum, H.A. Buck, W.R. 1990:3List of the mosses of North America north of MexicoC Bryologist93448-499put in Crust biblioAnderson, Julian L. 1994<6Exclosures on the Beaver Dam Slope in Arizona and Utah Rangelands165184-188cyanobacteria, crustAndo, H. 1980<6Evolution of bryophytes in relation to their sexualityProc. Bryol. Soc. Japan2y9129-130.(put in Crust Biblio; text is in JapaneseAndrew, M.H. Lange, R.T. 1986pjDevelopment of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shrubland grazed by sheep. II. Changes in the vegetation$Australian Journal of EcologyJ11411-424e Andrew, M.H. 1988>8Grazing impacts in relation to livestock watering points*$Trends in Research Ecology Evolution3336-339Androsova, Y.Y.e 1964^XConcerning the composition of algae of the soil of one city Novosibirsk and its environs("Algae and Fungi of Western Siberia  Novosibirsk AN SSSRtcyanobacteria, crust Anikster, Y. 1988ZTWater potential as a regulating factor in teliospore germination of three rust fungi Mycologiad804l568-570,fungi, desiccation, BSC,B;ref from Cooke & Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulled ErHTx TNBazilevich, N.I. Gollerbach, M.M. Litvinov, M.A. Rodin, L.E. Shteeynberg, D.M. 1958`ZOn the role of biological factors in formation of takyrs on the route of the Turkmen CanalBotanical Journala38 3-30"Bazova, G.A. Kuz'mina, V.A.o 1981Some features of the dynamics of algal synusia of mountain deserts of the western Pamirs USSR, according to the results of hourly observations4-Izv. Akad. Nauk. Tadzh. SSR. Otd. Biol. Nauk.4 23-27<5Bazzichelli, Giorgio Abdelahad, Nadia Ventola, Francoe 1985Structural modifications in the extracellular investment of Nostoc commune vauch. during the life cycle. I. Motile and nonmotile hormogonium, biseriate stage < J ("Journal of Ultrastructure Research91174-181,%Cyanobacteria, lichen, ultrastructureu<5Bazzichelli, Giorgio Abdelahad, Nadia Ventola, Franco 1986Structural modifications in the extracellular investment of Nostoc commune vauch. during the life cycle. II. Microcolonies and "Balls" of filamentss < J @:Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research94114-120,%Cyanobacteria, lichen, ultrastructure0)Bazzichelli, G. Abdelahad, N. Ventola, F.  1989{Structural modifications in the extracellular investment of Nostoc commune Vauch. during the life cycle. III. Macrocolonies<KArch. Hydrobiol.82365-370eCyanophyta Nostoc macrocolonies extracellular investment ultrastructure dessication BSC Cyanobacteria1HBref from Potts, "Desiccation Tolerance of Prokaryotes"; ref pulled Beadle, N.C.W. Tchan, Y.T. 1955leNitrogen economy in semi-arid plant communities. Part I. The environment and general considerations<5Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales80 62-70cyanobacteria, crust Beaney, W.D. Hoffman, L.R. 1968NTwo new species of Oedocladium  Journal of Phycology4u221-229fcyanobacteria, crustBear, G.D. Hansen, R.M.k 1966\VFood habits, growth, and reproduction of white-tailed jackrabbits in southern ColoradoRKColorado State University Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletini9059LEBebout, Brad M. Paerl, Hans W. Crocker, Kenneth M. Prufert, Leslie E.n 1987vDiel interactions of oxygenic photosynthesis and N2 fixation (acetylene reduction) in a marine microbial mat community 2 @3 ,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology5310 2353-2362cyanobacteria, crust<6Bebout, Brad M. Fitzpatrick, Matthew W. Paerl, Hans W. 1993Identification of the sources of energy for nitrogen fixation and physiological characterization of nitrogen-fixing members of a marine microbial mat community,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology595 1495-1503cyanobacteria, crust,%Bebout, Brad M. Garcia-Pichel, FerranM 1995JDUV B-induced vertical migrations of cyanobacteria in a microbial mat,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology61 4215-42224Beck, T. 1969Model trials on the behavior of monolinuron. 3. Influence on the biological activity of soil in comparison with other soil herbicides2p+Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land-Forstw. Berlin $ %  132 71-72 cyanobacteria, crust Becker, E.W. 1982YPhysiological studies on Antarctic Prasiola crispa and Nostoc commune at low temperatures#27E Polar Biology1 99-104$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria0tmref from Raymond & Fritsen, 2000, "Ice-active substances associated with Antarctic freshwater..."; ref pulled*$Beckett, R.P. Csintalan, Z. Tuba, Z. 2000ABA treatment increases both the desiccation tolerance of photosynthesis, and nonphotochemical quenching in the moss Atrichum undulatumu Plant Ecology 151 65-71@:abscisic acid, chlorophyll fluorescence, desiccation, mossput in Crust biblio Becking, J.H. 1978T$Beijerinckia in irrigated rice soils   Ecological Bulletin26116-129cyanobacteria, crust   ^ Nr JDBarger, Nichole N. Herrick, Jeffrey E. Van Zee, Justin Belnap, Jayne 2006f_Impacts of biological soil crust disturbance and composition on C and N loss from water erosionsBiogeochemistryu772u247-263 FebvPJISSN: 0168-2563 (Paper) 1573-515X (Online) DOI: 10.1007/s10533-005-1424-7Biological soil crust Carbon Canyonlands National Park Colorado Plateau Disturbance Erosion Nitrogen Rainfall simulation RunoffIn this study, we conducted rainfall simulation experiments in a cool desert ecosystem to examine the role of biological soil crust disturbance and composition on dissolved and sediment C and N losses. We compared runoff and sediment C and N losses from intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (intact) to both trampled dark crusts (trampled) and dark crusts where the top 1 cm of the soil surface was removed (scraped). In a second experiment, we compared C and N losses in runoff and sediments in early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts (light) to that of intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (dark). A relatively high rainfall intensity of approximately 38 mm per 10-min period was used to ensure that at least some runoff was generated from all plots. Losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and ammonium (NH4+ ) were significantly higher from trampled plots as compared to scraped and intact plots. Sediment C and N losses, which made up more than 98% of total nutrient losses in all treatments, were more than 4-fold higher from trampled plots relative to intact plots (sediment C g/m2, intact = 0.74, trampled = 3.47; sediment N g/m2, intact = 0.06, trampled = 0.28). In light crusts, DOC loss was higher relative to dark crusts, but no differences were observed in dissolved N. Higher sediment loss in light crusts relative to dark crusts resulted in 5-fold higher loss of sediment-bound C and N. Total C flux (sediment + dissolved) was on the order of 0.9 and 7.9 g/m2 for dark and light crusts, respectively. Sediment N concentration in the first minutes after runoff from light crusts was 3-fold higher than the percent N of the top 1 cm of soil, suggesting that even short-term runoff events may have a high potential for N loss due to the movement of sediments highly enriched in N. Total N loss from dark crusts was an order of magnitude lower than light crusts (dark = 0.06 g N/m2, light = 0.63 g/m2). Overall, our results from the small plot scale (0.5 m2) suggest that C and N losses are much lower from intact late-successional cyanolichen crusts as compared to recently disturbed or early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts.,&PDF on J drive in Jayne's publications':4Nichole N. Barger Email: nichole.barger@colorado.edu`ZBarker, David H. Stark, Lloyd R. Zimpfer, Jeff F. McLetchie, Nicholas D. Smith, Stanley D. 2005RLEvidence of drought-induced stress on biotic crust moss in the Mojave Desert"Plant, Cell and Environment287939-947 |Syntrichia bryophyte chlorophyll flourescence chlorosis drought stress regeneration BSC climate change altered precipitationWidespread bleaching (chlorosis) of patches of the dominant desert moss Syntrichia caninervis was observed across the northern Mojave Desert in the winter of 200203 following an extended period of drought interrupted by small rain events. These rain events were more frequent during the warmer months just prior to the appearance of chlorosis. We hypothesized that the patches were experiencing physiological stress due to partial hydration/rapid dehydration cycling during the warmer months. Compared to unbleached (green) shoots, chlorotic shoots exhibited significantly reduced photochemical performance, photosynthetic pigments, regenerational potential, sex expression, and lower rates of growth and productivity. However, age-specific analyses revealed older leaves from chlorotic shoots did not show the typical decline in vigour, suggesting that stress may primarily affect younger tissues. It is concluded that this chlorosis phenomenon is indicative of physiological stress presently occurring in the Mojave Desert, and is likely due to exposure to a higher than normal frequency of light rain events (< 3.5 mm), which serve to partially hydrate moss patches that then rapidly desiccate.r~xIn press as of May 26, 2005 Uncorrected proof as PDF on K drive Get final published version - now available 07-05-05 tk Barkman, J.J. 1953<5De Kalkgraslanden van Zuid-Limburg: B. De Cryptogamenn.'Publ. v. h. Natuurhist. Gen. in Limburg0Sc 21-30aF?Barnes, J.D. Balaguer, L. Manrique, E. Elvira, S. Davison, A.W.r 1992zA reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plantsVW\],%Environmental and Experimental Botany322 85-100 BSC*$Barreno, E. Naranjo, J. Santos, Y.A. 19846/Toninia toepfferi (B. Steiner) Navas (Lichenes):4Morfologia, Anatomia Y Ecologia. Anales de Biologia1e197-202hPIBashkin, M. Stohlgren, T.J. Otsuki, Y. Lee, M. Evangelista, P. Belnap, J. 2003|uSoil characteristics and plant exotic species invasions in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA0Applied Soil Ecology22 67-771XRnative plant diversity, cryptobiotic crusts, modified-Whittaker plots, BSC, bromus0*Batterton, J.C. Bousch, G.M. Matsumura, F. 1971\UGrowth response of blue-green algae to aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and their metabolites<5Bulletin of Environmental Contaminants and ToxicologyA6a589-594ccyanobacteria,crust0*Batterton, J.C. Bousch, G.M. Matsumura, F. 1972WDDT: Inhibition of sodium chloride tolerance by the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulansS E Sciencer 176n 1141-1143rcyanobacteria,crust Bauer, L. 1963@9On the stabilization of the male sexual tendency in Musci}J. Linn. Soc. Bot.58337-342put in Crust Biblio Bauman, J.D. 1986D=Top threat to BLM wilderness: that they'll be too much lovede Deseret News A7: col 1 Friday, February 28, 1986& Bautista, Mark F. Paerl, Hans W. 1985EDiel N2 fixation in an intertidal marine cyanobacterial mat community  @ Marine Chemistry16369-377cyanobacteria, crust(!Bazilevich, N.I. Shelyakina, O.A.A 19562,The movement of mineral substances in takyrs<6Takyry Zapadnoi Puti Sel'skokhozyaistvennogo Osvoeniya483-4888ld T 0)Carlton, Richard G. Richardson, Laurie L. 1995piOxygen and sulfide dynamics in a horizontally migrating cyanobacterial mat: black band disease of corals$FEMS Microbiology and Ecologyi18155-162*$biofilm, microelectyrode, Phormidium Carr, N.G. Whitton, B.A. 1973&The biology of blue-green algae Botan. Mono. Oxford &Blackwell Scientific Publishing No. 9"Carrara, P.E. Carroll, T.R. 1979`ZThe determination of erosion rates from exposed tree roots in the Piceance Basin, ColoradoEarth Surface Processes4307-317,%Carrasco, Claudio D. Golden, James W.  1995jTwo heterocyst-specific DNA rearrangements of nif operons in Anabaena cylindrica and Nostoc sp. strain Mac . 1 = P U [  Microbiology 141a 2479-2487,ecyanobacteria, crust, nigrogen fixation (nif) genes, DNA rearrangement, heterocyst, recombinase genes ) , .(Carson, Johnny L. Brown, Jr., R. Malcolm 1976|uThe correlation of soil algae, airborne algae, and fern spores with meteorological conditions on the island of HawaiiPacific Science30197-205 .(Carson, Johnny L. Brown, Jr., R. Malcolm 1978ztStudies of Hawaiian freshwater and soil algae. II. Algal colonization and succession on a dated volcanic substrateJournal of Phycology142t171-178yBacillariophyceae, biogeochemical cycles, chlorophyceae, colonization, cyanophyceae, edaphic algae, Hawaii, microbial ecology, soil algae, succession, volcanic substrate, cyanobacteria, crusto Carton, J.H. 1976VPThe toxicity of benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and BCM to four freshwater organisms<5Bulletin of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicologyi16214-218(!Castello, Miris Nimis, Pier Luigi 1997("Diversity of lichens in Antarctica 0)Battaglia, B. Valencia, J. Walton, D.W.H.<6Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival  Cambridge Cambridge University Press 15-21WPJAntarctica, biodiversity, flora, lichens, phytogeography, bsc, desiccationCastenholz, R.W. 19704.Laboratory culture of thermophilic cyanophytes0*Schweizerischee Zeitschrift fur hydrologie32538-551Castenholz, R.W. 1982Motility and taxes Carr, N.G. Whitton, B.a.& The Biology of the Cyanobacteria Berkeley $University of California Press413-4393Castenholz, Richard W. 1988*#Culturing methods for cyanobacteriasMethods in Enzymology1 167r 68-100cyanobacteria, crust,sCastenholz, R.W. 1989D=Order Oscillatoriales, order Nostocales, order Stigonematales 81Stanley, J.T. Bryant, M.P. Pfennig, N. Holt, J.H.2+Bergey's Manual of Systematica Bacteriology Baltimore, Marylandl Williams and Wilkins6/3 Section 19: Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria1 1771-1799ncyanobacteria, crust& Castenholz, R.W. Waterbury, J.B. 1989@:Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Group I. Cyanobacteria 60Staley, J.T. Bryant, M.P. Pfennig, N. Holt, J.H.0*Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Baltimore, Marylandd Williams and Wilkins6/3 Section 19: Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria 1710-1728icyanobacteria, crustCastenholz, R.W. 1992TMSpecies usage, concept, and evolution in the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)Journal of Phycology28737-745cyanobacteria, crustCastenholz, R.W. 1997<5Multiple strategies for UV tolerance in cyanobacteria The Spectrum102t 10-1681Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OHO"Catcheside, D.G. Stone, I.G. 19886/The mosses of the Northern Territory, Australia.'Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens11 1-17cyanobacteria, crustCave, M. Pocock, M. 1951D=The acetocarmine technique applied to the colonial VolvocalesStain Technol.26173-174m Variations in desiccation tolerance  %  Candian Journal of Botany59 2707-2712put in Crust biblioF@Schrader, Michael Drews, Gerhart Weckesser, Jurgen Mayer, Hubert 1982JPolysaccharide containing 6-O-methyl-D-mannose in Chlorogloeopsis PCC 6912 2 A &Journal of General Microbiologyh 128n273-277a*$Schreiber, K.F. Yair, A. Shachak, M. 1995PIEcological gradients along slopes of the northern Negev Highlands, IsraelAdvances in GeoEcology28209-229cyanobacteria, crust4.Schroeder, N.E. Schroeder, J.G. Anderegg, D.E. 1975&Catalog of the lichens of IdahokThe Bryologist78 32-43e:4Schroeter, B. Kappen, L. Green, T.G.A. Seppelt, R.D. 1997lfLichens and the Antarctic environment: effects of temperature and water availability on photosynthesis 0)Lyons, W.B. Howard-Williams, C. Hawes, I..:4Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes  Rotterdam Balkema103-117edesiccation, bscSchulten, Julia A. 198560Soil aggregation by cryptogams of a sand prairie American Journal of Botany7211 1657-1661cyanobacteria, crustSchulten, Julia A. 1985LEThe effects of burning on the soil lichen community of a sand prairieThe Bryologist882110-114cyanobacteria, crusthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjlllllllllllllllllll///////////mmmmmmoopppppppppppppppppppqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq          $rrrrtttttttttaWluzT5 //TTc5!Af|Tq!6SL6",($,z^62{{EE; l!!/O{{[j9  Gg!I |/-">"Vb!*2gq W6**] |2|||||||||||-!*5!mmm56pE((((((---------- !!!!!!!!!!!!!555555"""""""""""6666666666666666:::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;======================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA{{,,,,,,,,,BBBBBBBBBB!!!!!!!EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG""""""HHHHHHHHHHHHKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLLLLHNNNNNuOOOOOQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ66666666666RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV~~~~~~~~~WWWWWWWWWWWWYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ7777777777[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^} FAxelsson20022 Ayyad1985 Azcn1987o Azevedo1994p Azevedo1994z Aziz19888 Aziz19889 B.19899q Baatz1939 + Babaev20040 Bachofen2003r Bacon1968 ? Badacsonyi19976  Badacsonyi2000 Badger19808b Badger1992? Badger1993r Badger19949 Badger2006z Bae2005t Bagchi19900u Bai1972v Bailey19739w Bailey19767 ` Bainbridge1999x Baines19787y Baker1970z Baker1973 Baker1985{ Baker1988 Bakke1997 Balaam19611 Balaam19631 NBalaguer1992 Balamm1961H Balandreau19716| Balandreau1974 X Balandreau19788i Baldinger1994}Balezina19657~Balezina19677Balezina19747Balezina19757 Ball19838R Ball19901 Ball19955 Ballester1989n Balloni1965 { Bamberg1977Bamforth19848 Bamforth1995 Bamforth1997 Bamforth2002 Bamforth2004Banerjee19919+Banerjee2000 Banerji1935 Banfield1999 Banin1980 6 Banin1984 Bar-Or19875 Bar-Or19885 Bar-Or19895 Bar-Or19892 Bar-Or19908Baranowska-Bosiacka2001 Barber19775 Barbero1997 Barbey19765 Barbey19765Barbieri1978n Barbour1982 Barclay1985 Bardsley1968n Barger2005 Barger2006 Barker19999r Barker2005 Barkes2006 Barkman1953 N Barnes1992 g Barness1999 Barns1988 Barns2002 S Barnum19909$ Baron1988 Barreno1984 w Barreno1997 c Barreno1998 d Barreno1998 Barrow2006 Bartels1996h Barthlott1997Bartlett197614 Bartolome1992 Barzilay20020A Bashan1995  Bashkin2003 Bassam19929 Bassi1978 3 Bastow Wilson2004 Basu19919 Bates2000 Bates2004 Bationo1996 Batterton1971 Batterton1972  Bauer1963 Bauman19869 Baumgrtner1964 Bautista19734Bautista19852 Bautista2002 Baxter2001 Baxter2003 Bazilevich1956  Bazilevich1958 W Bazilevich1967  Bazova1981 Bazzichelli1985 Bazzichelli1986 Bazzichelli1989 Beadle19556 Beadle19551 Beaney19686 Bear19669 Bebout19878f Bebout19885h Bebout19895 Bebout19937 Bebout1995 Beck1969c { Becker1975 Becker1982h Becker1997e } Beckett1984 Beckett1984 Beckett1991 E Beckett2000 r Beckett2002 Becking1978 Becking1978 Becquerel1936 Becquerel1942 Bednarova1976 = Beer19911 t Beer1997N ; Beer1999N Beijernick18899 Beijernick18909 Beijernick18989 Beijernick19019 Belcher1958 t Bell1981 Bell19839 Bell19869 Bell1986 Bell1987d Bell1988d Bell1993d Bell1994d $ Bell2003 t Belland1997 Belles1972 Belnap1990 Belnap1990 Belnap1990 Belnap1990 Belnap1990 Belnap1991 Belnap1991 Belnap1992 Belnap1992 Belnap1993 Belnap1993 Belnap19943 Belnap19943 Belnap1994 Belnap1994 Belnap19953 Belnap1995v Belnap1995 Belnap1996v Belnap1996e Belnap19966 Belnap1996 Belnap1996 Belnap1996 Belnap1997v Belnap1997e Belnap19989 Belnap1998e  Belnap1998 Belnap1998 Belnap19991  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001 Belnap20010 Belnap2001 Belnap2001e Belnap2001 Belnap20022  Belnap2002  Belnap2002  Belnap2002  Belnap2002 Belnap2002 Belnap20020  Belnap2003 Belnap2003 Belnap20030 g Belnap2005 Belnap2005 Belnap20066 X Belsky1999 Belton19868; Beltz1981 Ben-Dor1997 Ben-Shaul1969 Ben-Shaul1970 Ben-Shaul1970~ Ben-Shaul1971 Bender19979 Benedict1990Benemann19749Benemann19796 6 Bennet1965 Benoit19677 Benoit1970777 Benoit19707 Benoit19707 Benoit1970701  Ball19955 Ballester1989n Balloni1965 Balloni1968{ Bamberg1977  BamforthBamforth19848 Bamforth1995 Bamforth1997 Bamforth2002 Bamforth2004Banerjee19919 Banerji1935 Banin19806 Banin1984 Bar-Or19875 Bar-Or19885 Bar-Or19895 Bar-Or19892 Bar-Or19908 Barber19775 Barbero1997 Barbey19765 Barbey19765Barbieri1978n  Barbour1982 Barclay1985 Bardsley1968n Barkman1953N  Barnes1992g Barness1999 Barns1988 Barns2002S Barnum19909 Barreno1984w Barreno1997c Barreno1998d Barreno1998h Barthlott1997Bartlett197614 Bartolome1992 Barzilay20020  Bashkin2003 Bassi19783  Bastow Wilson2004 Basu19919 Bates2000 Bationo1996 Batterton1971 Batterton1972  Bauer1963 Bauman19869 Baumgrtner1964 Bautista19734Bautista19852 Bautista2002̐ Bazilevich1956  Bazilevich1958 W Bazilevich1967  Bazova1981 Bazzichelli1985 Bazzichelli1986 Beadle19556 Beadle19551 Beaney19686 Bear19669 Bebout19878f Bebout19885h Bebout19895 Bebout19937 Bebout1995 Beck1969c{ Becker1975h Becker1997e} Beckett1984 Beckett1991E  Beckett2000r Beckett2002 Becking1978 Becking1978 Becquerel1936 Becquerel1942 Bednarova1976= Beer19911t Beer1997N; Beer1999N Beijernick18899 Beijernick18909 Beijernick18989 Beijernick19019 Belcher1958  Bell1981t  Bell1981̦ Bell19839 Bell19869 Bell1987d Bell1988d Bell1993d Bell1994d$ Bell2003t Belland1997 Belles1972 Belnap1990 Belnap1990 Belnap1992 Belnap1993 Belnap1993 Belnap19943 Belnap19943 Belnap19953 Belnap1995v Belnap1996v Belnap1996e Belnap19966 Belnap1997v Belnap1997e Belnap19989 Belnap1998e  Belnap1998 Belnap19991  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001  Belnap2001 Belnap20010 Belnap2001 Belnap2001e Belnap2001 Belnap20022  Belnap2002̖  Belnap2002̗  Belnap2002̨  Belnap2002̩ Belnap2002̪ Belnap20020  Belnap2003 Belnap2003 Belnap20030g  Belnap2005X  Belsky1999 Belton19868 Ben-Dor1997 Ben-Shaul1969 Ben-Shaul1970 Ben-Shaul1970~ Ben-Shaul1971 Bender19979 Benedict1990̺Benemann19749Benemann197966  Bennet1965 Benoit19677 Benoit19707 ~ d>$ Blyum, O.B. 1965Shvydkist' vytrachannya vodnoho zapasu v kushchystykh ta lystuvatykh lyshainykiv mezo-ta kserotychnykh mischevyrostan (Rates of water reserve consumption in fruticose and foliose lichens of meso-and xerotic habitats Ukr. Bot. Zh.22 26-34<6Bock, C. Jacob, A. Kirst, G.O. Leibfritz, D. Mayer, A. 1996 wMetabolic changes of the Antarctic green alga Prasiola crispa subjected to water stress investigated by in vivo 31P NMR..>hop r$Journal of Experimental Botany47241-249A<6desiccation tolerance polyphosphates BSC Cyanobacteriatmref from Raymond & Fritsen, 2000, "Ice-active substances associated with Antarctic freshwater..."; ref pulledf&Boeken, Bertrand Shachak, Moshe, 1994TMDesert plant communities in human-made patches -- implications for managementEcological Applications14\4w702-716s November 1994core species desert annuals desertification edge species geographic distribution landscape management Negev Desert patches productivity propagule size seed dispersal seed traps soil crust soil moisture species richness restoration BSCWe measured productivity and diversity of annual plant communities in human-made pits and mounds (20 @? 30 @? 100 cm) in the Northern Negev of Israel. We differentiated the species according to propagule size, dispersal mode, and geographical distribution in Israel. Our results in 28 experimental units containing a pit, a mound, and a portion of the undisturbed surrounding @'matrix@' showed that species richness, total plant density, and biomass yield were higher in the pits and mounds than in the matrix. Soil moisture at 0-15 cm depth was higher in the pits, but lower in the mounds relative to the matrix. Species with larger propagules (>5 mm) became more abundant, and those with tinyseeds (<1 mm) became less abundant, in the human-made patches relative to the undisturbed matrix. Wind-dispersed species and those with secondary dispersal by runoff were denser in pits and mounds, while short-distance rain dispersers were more abundant in the matrix. @'Edge@' species, occurring in the study site at the edge of their geographical distribution in Israel, increased more in density, species richness, and biomass than general @'core@' species, for which the study site is in the center of their distribution. The annual plant community responded to changes in three environmental factors: (1) microtopographic structure from flat surface to mounds or pits, which function as traps for seeds; (2) soil surface texture from densely packed to loose soil in pits and mounds, which provide suitable sites for larger propagules; (3) soil moisture availability, increasing in the pits but decreasing in the mounds relative to the matrix. The relevance of the study was discussed in relation to (1) combating desertification, (2) sustainable arid land use, and (3) species conservation. 0)for Jayne from Jessie's pile June 2005 tknjdhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1051-0761%28199411%294%3A4%3C702%3ADPCIHP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 Boeken and Bogorad, L.n 1975>8Phycobiliproteins and complementary chromatic adaptation Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.n26369-401$dessication BSC Cyanobacterial ord 2/4/03TNBoissire, J.-C. Boissire, M.-C. Champion-Arnaud, P. Lallemant, R. Wagner, J. 1987*nThe biological cycle of Nostoc in the genera Peltigera and Collema cultured in vitro and in the lichen thallus -7;BLT Canadian Journal of Botany65 1468-1477$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriao^ref from Paulsrud 2001, The Nostoc symbiont of lichens...; text entirely in French; ref pulled" Bold, H.C. 1933h7The life history and cytology of Protosiphon botryoidest ! ,%Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Clubt60241-300cyanobacteria, crust Bold, H.C. 1942The cultivation of algaeBotanical Review8 69-138cyanobacteria, crustBold, H.C. Parker, B.C.i 1960B0 ~ $ Booth, W.E. 1941TMAlgae as pioneers in plant succession and their importance in erosion controlEcology221 38-46cyanobacteria, crust Booth, W.E. 1941>7Revegetation of abandoned fields in Kansas and Oklahoma. American Journal of Botany28415-423cyanobacteria, crust Booth, W.E. 1946>8The thermal death point of certain soil-inhabiting algae4-Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Science 5/6 21-23cyanobacteria, crust2+Boquet, E. Boronat, A. Ramos-Cormenzana, A.  1973NGProduction of calcite crystals by soil bacteria is a general phenomenon5 Nature 246527-528 Bornkamm, R. 1958HADie bunte - Erdflechten-Gesellschaft im sdwestlichen HarzvorlandtBer. Dtsch. Bot. Ges.\ LXXI7dHBBorowiec, S. Gladoch, M. Honczarenko, J. Kwarta, H. Zembrzuska, D. 1975Changes in the composition of an agrocenose as assessed twenty-two years after treatment with excessive amounts of Verindal F (streumittel). Ekol. Polska23 3-18cyanobacteria, crust(!Borowitzka, M.A. Borowitzka, L.J. 1988Microalgal biotechnology  Cambridge, UK Cambridge University PressLEBorselli, L. Biancalani, R. Giordani, C. Carnicelli, S. Ferrari, G.A.M 1996JDEffect of gypsum on seedling emergence in a kaolinitic crusting soilSoil Technologys9  1-2n 71-81<5Soil crusts, penetrometer, seedling emergence, gypsum8 Bortels, H. 1940LFber die bedeutung des molybdams fr stickstoffbindendende NostocaceenArchives Mikrobiologie11155-186cyanobacteria, crust Borut, S. 1960XQAn ecological and physiological study of soil fungi of the northern Negev, Israel&Bull. Res. Counc. 1st. Sect. D.8 65-80 Bothe, H. 1982Nitrogen fixationc Carr, N.G. Whitton, B.A.Biology of Cyanobacteria Berkley, Californiar $University of California Press& Botanical Monographs: Volume 19 87-105&cyanobacteria, nutrients, crusts.'Boudell, J.A. Link, S.O. Johansen, J.R.  2002RLEffect of soil microtopography on seed bank distribution in the shrub-steppe(!Western North American Naturalistl621 14-24jcryptogamic crusts, seed banks, shrub-steppe, Bromus tectorum, Artemisia tridentata, biological soil crust.SBouly de Lesdain, M. 19114.Lichens du Sud Algerie recueilis par M. Seurat("Bull. Soc. Hist. Natur. Afr. Nord.3 95-989$Boussiba, S. Wu, X. Zarka, A.v 2000 Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria  Seckbach, J.LFJourney to Diverse Microbial Worlds: Adaptation to Exotic Environments Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers211-224$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria ref pulled Bouza, P. Del Valle, H.F.o 1993yMicromorphological, physical, and chemical characteristics of soil crust types of the central Patagonia region, Argentina-,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitationc7u355-368ocyanobacteria, crustRLBowker, Matthew A. Stark, Lloyd R. McLetchie, D. Nicholas Mishler, Brent D. 2000Sex expression, skewed sex ratios, and microhabitat distribution in the dioecious desert moss Syntrichia caninervis (Pottiaceae)^ American Journal of Botany874517-526biological soil crust, bryophyte, cryptogamic crust, desert, haploid dioecy, ramet, sex expression, sex ratio, sporophyte, moss, bsc ref pulled4-Bowker, M. Reed, S.C. Belnap, J. Phillips, S.  2002jTemporal variation in community composition, pigmentation, and Fv /Fm of desert cyanobacterial soil crusts?@BACDBFMicrobial Ecologyi43 13-252 Bowler, P.A. Rundel, P.W. 1975("Reproductive strategies in lichens.(Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society70325-340rdesiccation, BSCLEref from Longton, Biology of Polar Bryophtyes and Lichens; ref pulledBowyer, L. Skerman, W. 1968RKProduction of axenic cultures of soil-borne and endophytic blue-green algae.&Journal of General Microbiology54299-303cyanobacteria, crust Box, E.O. 1981^WMacroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Productive Modeling in Phytogeography W. Junk, The Hague 258("Boyd, W.L. Staley, J.T. Boyd, J.W. 19662,Ecology of soil microorganisms in Antarctica Tedrow, J.C.F.0*Antarctic Soils and Soil Forming Processes Antarctic Research Ser. 8 125-1595 Boyd, W.L. 1967D>Ecology and physiology of soil microorganisms in polar regions@:Proceedings of the Symposium on Pacific-Antarctic Sciences JAR Scientific Reports No. 1 265-2757*$Boyd, W.L. Rothenberg, I. Boyd, J.W. 197082Soil microorganisms at Paradise Harbor, AntarcticaEcologyr516d 1040-1045a*#cyanobacteria, crust, soil food web  Boyer, C.S. 1927B;Synopsis of the North American Diatomaceae. Part I and II.D=Proceedings of the Acadamy of Natural Sciences, Philadelpphia Supplement 1-583cyanobacteria, crust$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$'''''''''''''''''''''''(((((((((((((((()))))))))))))))))**********+++++++++++++++wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww,,,,,,, ERDCB&A&@&?6>=2<; Kidron, G. 1988hbDew variability. Lichen and cyanobacteria distribution along slopes at Sde Boqer - Northern Negev ("The Hebrew University of Jerusalem92Master of Sciencei in Hebrew, English summary  Kidron, G. 1990The impact of microbial crust upon the relationship between rainfall, runoff, and erosion rates at the longitudinal dunes, Nizzana, Israel Arid Ecosystems Center Kidron, G.J. 1992The impact of the microbial crust upon the relationship of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield at longitudinal dunes in an arid environment. Nizzana, Western Negev, Israel2,The First Israel Geomorphological Conference Beer Sheva, IsraelJanuary 8-9, 13-14 Kidron, G.J. Yair, A. 1992XQRunoff and sediment yield over longitudinal dune slopes at Nizzana, Western Negev $Arid Ecosystem Research Centre56 1990-1991Annual Progress ReportKidron, G.J. Yair, A. 1992The possible sedimentological significance of runoff and erosion processes over longitudinal dune slopes of an arid environment, Nizzana, Western Negev, Israelr.(Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting Ashquelon, Israel 81-82March 30-April 1Kidron, G.J. Yair, A. 1993leScale effect on runoff and erosional processes in a sandy area, Nizzana, Western Negev Desert, IsraeljcSub. to J. de Ploey Memorial Symposium in Experimental Geomorphology and Landscape Ecosystem Change Leuven, Belgium March 22-26Kidron, G.J. Yair, A.e 1993Frequencies and magnitude of runoff and erosional processes at longitudinal dune slopes of an arid region, Nizzana, Western Negev Desert, Israel6/Third International Conference on Geomorphologyt Hamilton, Canada 170 August 199360Kidron, G.J. Yair, A. Abeliovich, A. Vonshak, A. 1994The rate of factors affecting the regeneration of a microphytic crust on the dune slopes of Nizzana, Western Negev Desert, Israel4-The Second Israel Geomorphological Conferencee University of Haifa May 1994.'Kidron, G.J. Vonshak, A. Abeliovich, a. 1995Five microbiotic crust types in the Nizzana dune field: factors affecting their variability and measurements of their regeneration time0)Israeli Geological Society Annual Meeting 62, 94 20-22 MarchPKidron, G.J. Yair, A. 1995ZSFactors affecting runoff over encrusted dune slopes, Nizzana, Western Negev, IsraelhaInternational Conference on Geomorphic Response of Mediterranean and Arid Areas to Climate Changem Israel May 13-22*$Kidron, G.J. Yair, A. Abeliovich, A. 1995Paleo-climatological implications concerning runoff over encrusted dune slopes in an arid region, Nizzana, Western Negev Desert, Israela\UThe Second International Symposium on the Geology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region Jerusalem, Israel10 August 1995| J. Range Management Journal of Applied Ecology Journal of Applied Phycology Journal of Arid EnvironmentsJournal of Bacteriology$Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of BioscienceJournal of BiotechnologyJournal of BryologyJournal of Ecology$Journal of Experimental Botany$Journal of General Microbiology("Journal of Microbiological Methods$Journal of Molecular EvolutionJournal of Paleontology85Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: BiologyJournal of Phycology Journal of Plant Physiology Journal of Range Management,&Journal of Soil and Water ConservationJournal of Soil Science0+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory(#Journal of Torrey Botanical Society Journal of Vegetation Science$Land Degradation & DevelopmentLandscape Ecology\YLichenological Contributions in Honour of G.B. Feige (Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Band 86) LichenologistLimnol. Oceanog.Limnol. Oceanogr. Limnology and Oceanography Madoqua Madroo$ Marine Ecology Progress Series$Marine Ecology Progress SerieshdMem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res, Spec. Issue (Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Polar Biology, 1985)Methods in EnzymologyMicrobial Ecology Microbiology0*Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews MicrobiosMolecular Ecology MycologiaMycological Research MycorrhizaNatural History NatureNaturwissenschaftenNew Phytologist Nova HedwigiaNova Hedwigia (Beihaft)0-Nova Hedwigia: Algae and extreme environments Oceologia OecologiaOikos41Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology PedobiologiaPhotochem. Photobiol.Photosynth. Res.Photosynthetica Phycologia("Phycological Research Phycol. Res. PhykosPhysiologia PlantarumPhysiologica Plantarum Physiological Plant Pathology PhytonPhytopathologyPlant and Soil Plant Biology Plant CellPlant Cell Physiology Plant Disease Plant Ecology Plant Growth and RegulationPlant Physiol.Plant PhysiologistPlant Physiology Plant Pysiol. Plant Science Plant Soil$Plant Systematics and EvolutionPlant, Cell & Environment Plant, Cell and Environment PlantaPNAS85PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science) Polar BiologyPolarforschungPolish Botanical Journal,'Polish Journal of Environmental StudiesPrecambrian ResearchProc. Natl. Acad. Sci.4/Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences4.Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual SessionProgress in Botany Progress in Natural Science Protoplasma0,Recent Research Developments in MicrobiologyResearch in MicrobiologyRestoration Ecology ScienceSoil Biol. Biochem. Soil Biology & Biochemistry Soil Biology and BiochemistrySoil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Soil Science,'Soil Science Society of America Journal0+Soil Science Society of America Proceedings(%Soil Sciene Society of Ameria Journal0*South African Journal of Anarctic ResearchSoutheastern NaturalistSvensk Bot. Tidsk.Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift SymbiosisSystem. Appl. 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Limnol.$!Western North American Naturalist0-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology$Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie "R \" L rJohansen, J.R. 1985d^Cryptogamic crusts: recovery from disturbance and seasonal variation in the west desert, Utah  Provo, UT9 VOBrigham Young University; Ann Arbor, MI, University of Microfilms Internationala DissertationJohansen, Jeffrey R. 1986haImportance of cryptogamic soil crusts to arid rangelands: implications for short duration grazingn Tiedeman, J.A.RKShort Duration Grazing and Current Issues in Grazing Management Shortcourse Kenewick, Washington "Washington State Universityi127-136nJanuary 21-23, 19862cyanobacteria, crustJohansen, Jeffrey R. 1986&Soil algae and range managementApplied Phycology Forum31 1-2cyanobacteria, crust$Johansen, J.R. Rushforth, S.R. 19862,Cryptogamic soil crusts: seasonal variationGreat Basin Naturalist464:632-640.(Johansen, Jeffrey R. St. Clair, Larry L. 1986ZTCryptogamic soil crusts: recovery from grazing near Camp Floyd State Park, Utah, USAGreat Basin Naturalist464\632-640-<6biological soil crust, cyanobacteria, green algae, BSC.(Johansen, Jeffrey R. Rayburn, William R. 19896/Effects of rangefire on soil cryptogamic crusts VOBaumgartner, D.M. Breuer, D.W. Zamora, B.A. Neuenschwander, L.F. Wakimoto, R.H.rb[Prescribed Fire in the Intermountain Region: Forest Site Preparation and Range Improvementa Pullman, Washingtonn "Washington State University6107-109cyanobacteria, crust<5Johansen, Jeffrey R. Ashley, John Rayburn, William R.t 1993|Effects of rangefire on soil algal crusts in semiarid shrub-steppe of the lower Columbia Basin and their subsequent recoveryGreat Basin Naturalist531s 73-88 cyanobacteria, soil crustJohansen, Jeffrey R. 1993D>Cryptogamic crusts of semiarid and arid lands of North AmericaJournal of Phycology29140-147cyanobacteria, crust Minireview`ZJohansen, Jeffrey R. Kasper, Kathleen St. Clair, Larry L. Warren, Steven Pendleton, Burton 1994zStabilization of damaged soil crust communities using cyanobacterial amendments: development of inocula and field testing American Journal of Botany816Abstract 302: 108("biological soil crust, inoculationJohansen, Jeffrey R. 20010)Impacts of fire on biological soil crusts Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management\ Berlin Springer-Verlage385-397i("Johansen, Jeffrey R. Shubert, L.E. 2001Algae in soilsNova Hedwigia (Beihaft){ 123i297-306f$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriai John, R.P. 1942voAn ecological and taxonomic study of the algae of British soils. I. The distribution of surface-growing algaeAnnals of Botany6222323-349-81biological soil crust, cyanobacteria, green algae*$Johns, G.G. Tongway, D.J. Pickup, G. 1984Land and water processes 0)Harrington, G.N. Wilson, A.D. Young, M.D.*$Management of Australia's Rangelands NGCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australiai 25-404 Johnsen, Ardith B. 1978$Keys to the mosses of Arizonaz Flagstaff, Arizona Museum of Northern Arizona39-45 (incomplete)Research Paper 14put in Crust bibliov Johnson, A. 1962PIPrecursory studies on the epiterranean soil algae of Singapore and Malayaa Garden Bulletin, Singapore19379-384 Johnson, A. 19626/A short note on some soil algae from New Guinea Garden Bulletin, Singapore19375-377Johnson, Roy M.  19692,Growth of indigenous bacteria in desert soil0)Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science5240-242:3cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, soil food web Johnson, A. 19690)Blue-green algae of Malaysian rice fields.(Journal of the Singapore Nat. Acad. Sci.1 30-36all T. Marble, James R.2 1988RKA role for nonvascular plants in management of arid and semiarid rangelands  Tueller, P.T.LEVegetation Science Applications for Rangeland Analysis and Management Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers135-1692cyanobacteria, crust Harper, K.T. 1989d^The role of nonvascular plants in long-term stability of vascular plant communities of deserts4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of Americac70 134th` Durrell1960 Durrell1961 Durrell1961 Durrell1962 Durrell1963 Durrell1963 Durrell1964v Durrell1966l Dutch1978 Dutt19769 Dutta1958 ] Dutta1959 Duvigneaud19505 Dvornyk2002  Dvornyk2003  Dvornyk2004 Dyer1872m Dykstra1966 Dykstra1971 Dykstra1975) Dzikowski1977 Eamus1986 Ebel19921  Echevarria1997 ^ Eckel1996 Eckert19777 Eckert19789 Eckert19789 Eckert19829 Eckert19867 Eckert19868 Eckert19878 Eckert19898Economou-Amilli1984 Eddy1982 s Edgley19786 Edwards1973 Edwards1998 Edwards1999 C Edwards2000 A Edwards2004 Effmert1997k Effmert1999 Egan1972s Egea199291 Egea199492 Egea19949 lEgunyomi1979 Ehi1964 Ehleringer1993a~ Ehleringer1993 Ehleringer1994a  Ehling-Schulz1997 e Ehling-Schulz1999 Ehrenberg1854  Ehrenfeld2003 Ehrmann1997Q Eide2000 } Eimjellen1978  Eisele1989 Q Ekblad19999 Ekker2002El Tonsi19800 El-Ayouty19802 El-Ayouty1980B El-Fadl1964BEl-Mofty19641 El-Nawawy1975 El-Refai1962d El-Refai1962d El-Refai1963d El-Refai1963dCEl-Safty19781C El-Sawy19782El-Tonsi19800 Elad1985Eldridge19895Eldridge19915Eldridge19935Eldridge1993 Eldridge19939Eldridge1994Eldridge1994Eldridge1994Eldridge19944Eldridge19944Eldridge19954Eldridge19954Eldridge19964Eldridge19964Eldridge1996nEldridge1996nEldridge1996nEldridge1996nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge1997nEldridge19979Eldridge19979Eldridge19979Eldridge19979Eldridge19989Eldridge19989Eldridge19989Eldridge19989Eldridge19989 Eldridge1999 Eldridge1999 >Eldridge1999 Eldridge2000 JEldridge2000 Eldridge2000 Eldridge20010 Eldridge2001 Eldridge2001 Eldridge2001 Eldridge2001 Eldridge20010Eldridge2001 Eldridge20020 Eldridge2002 Eldridge2003 Eldridge2003 2Eldridge2004 UEldridge20040 ZEldridge2004 Elenkin1901 Elix19869 Elix19909  Ellanskaya19955 Elliott1989 A Ellis1943 Ellis1968 O Ellis1987 Ellis1998  Ellis2003 Ellis-Evans1990 Ellner1955 Ellwood2001 Ellwood2003  Elmarsdottir2003 Elmdust1972 Elmes1995B Eloff1985` Elster1999  Elster2004R Elvidge1990 N Elvira19929 Elwan1976 Elwell1939 Elzinga2004 Emeis1956 Emi2001Emmerich19878B Enckell1972 [ Endal1996Enderlin19851 * Engel2003 England1958A England1959 Engle1940C Englund1972 Englund1974 Englund1975 Englund1978 Englund1978 Epstein1973 Epstein1983 Epstein1984 Ercegovic1925  Erdman1977k Erdmann1999N Erhard20011Erickson19555 Erickson1957 Ernst1984 Ernst1987  Ertl1951REscudero19949Escudero2005 Eshel2001 Eskew1978 Eskew1980 Esmarch1911 Esmarch1914Espinosa-Abarca1984d Estevez1983 Estrada1974 Ettl19649 Ettl19769 Ettl19959 7 Evangelista2002  Evangelista2003 6 Evangelista2004S Evans1944T Evans1945 Evans1958 Evans1959 G Evans1970 Evans1976 Evans1977 Evans1993 Evans1994 Evans1994 Evans1998 Evans1999 I Evans1999 Evans2000  Evans2001  Evans2001  Evans2003 Evdokimova1944  Evenari1971 Evenari1975  Evenari1975 Evenari1975 Evenari1978 Evenari1979 Evenari1980 Evenari1985  Evenari1985 Evenari1986 Evenson1961; Evenson1985Eversman1978 Eversmann1831 Eyster1956 Eyster19588 Eyster19728 Fa-Chu19818 Fahmy1958  Fahselt1981  Fahselt1987  Fahselt1989 Fahselt1990  Fahselt1992 Fairchild1967; Fairchild1985Falchini19967 Fang19921 Fang2005 Faridi19619k Farmer1985r Farnsworth1976 Farrar1976v Farrar1976v  Farrar1976  Farrar1976  Farrar1976  Farrar1978) Farrar1988N Fastner2001 Fattom1984v Fattom1984v Fattom1985v Faurel1953v Faurel19585 Faust1970 Faust1971 Favali19785 Favali19917 Fay1962 Fay1965 Fay1971 Fay1971 Fay19728 Fay1973 Fay1976$ Fay1977l Fay1987 Fay1992 Fearnehough1995  Fearnehough1998 u Federle1990 Federoff19899  Federov1965K Feher1938J Fehr1935  Fehr1936  Fehr1936  Fehr1936 Fehr1939L Fehr1939 Fehr1940 Fehr1945 Fehr1947 Fehr1948q Feige1983  Feige1992 Fenton1983Fernandez-Valiente1992 Ferrari1996 < Fialkowska20044! Field1975 Field2002< Fields19676 Fields19680 Fields19846 Fields19849 Filonow1981 Filonow1983 Filonow1983 Filonow1983 Filonow1987 Filtenborg1987 uFinegold1990 Fink1909 Finkel19869 Finlayson1987O Firestone1992  Firestone2003= Fish19919 Fisher19729 Fisher19914  Fisher19977j Fisher19999} Fitt1986 Fitt1989 Fitzgerald19508  Fitzgerald19671i Fitzner1988 Fitzpatrick1993 Fiyita19599 Flagey1896lFlaibani1989n  Flandrois2003  Flechtner1993 v Flechtner1994 w Flechtner1994 ~ Flechtner1994 Flechtner1998  Flechtner2002  Flechtner2002  Flechtner2002Q Flechtner2002Fletcher1948pFletcher1960pFletcher19658 Fletcher1970pVFletcher1970Fletcher19934Fletcher19944 Fletcher2004! Flint1946" Flint1947# Flint1958$ Flint1958% Flint1960& Flowers1973w Floyd1979 Floyd1989C Floyd1991 Floyd1992 Floyd1992' Floyd1993( Flueckiger1976e Focke1978) Fogel1976+ Fogg19427, Fogg19477- Fogg19497. Fogg19517/ Fogg195170 Fogg19527= Fogg1956o1 Fogg19567 Fogg19575 Fogg195899575 Fogg195899575 Fogg19589gg19575 Fogg195899575 Fogg19589 Fogg19589 Fogg1958975 Fogg19589echtner1998 FlechtnerIn pressFletcher1948pFletcher1960p Fletcher1970p! Flint1946" Flint1947# Flint1958$ Flint1958% Flint1960& Flowers1973w Floyd1979C Floyd1991' Floyd1993( Flueckiger1976e Focke1978) Fogel1976*Foggr+ Fogg19427, Fogg19477- Fogg19497. Fogg19517/ Fogg195170 Fogg19527= Fogg1956o1 Fogg19567 Fogg19589 Fogg19589XWVTS DR@QPONML|  ' Bubrick, Paul 1988,&Effects of symbiosis on the photobiont  Galun, M.Handbook of Lichenology Boca Raton, FL  CRC Press}II133-144lichen, desiccation, bsc ref pulled Buck, S.G. 1980Stromatolite and ooid deposits within the fluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Precambrian Ventersdorp Supergroup of South AfricaPrecambrian Research12311-330mfossils, early life"Buckley, D.H. Schmidt, T.M.o 2002B7Burkholder, P.R. Evans, A.W. McVeigh, I. Thornton, H.K. 1944$Antibiotic activity of lichensProc. Nat. Acad. Sci.30250-255.'Burkholder, Paul R. Evans, Alexander W. 1945<5Further studies on the antibiotic activity of lichenst,%Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club722s157-1640)biological soil crust, antibiotic, licheniBurns, Steven J. 1983b[Nitrogen fixation and transformations in cryptogamic soil crusts as affected by disturbance Agronomy and Horticulture  Provo, Utah Brigham Young University66Master of Scienceocyanobacteria, crust*$Burris, R.H. Okon, Y. Albrecht, S.L. 1978`/Properties and reactions of Spirillum lipoferum  Ecological Bulletin26353-363icyanobacteria, crust"Burris, R.H. Peterson, R.B.t 1978]Nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae: their H2 metabolism and their activity in freshwater lakeso * @+ Ecological Bulletina26 28-40zcyanobacteria, crust  cfpn\r *Pentecost, Allan 1985kRelationships between light, temperature and photosynthesis in a temperate Microcoleus (cyanobacterium) mat K V  Microbios43174-175141-148 Pentecost, A. 1988jcEstimates of sheath synthesis rates in a motile cyanobacterium using a microautoradiographic methodu Microbios52 215109-118Perminova, G.N. 1964RKEffect of blue-green algae on the development of microorganisms in the soilMikrobiologiya33472-4764.Perry, R.S. Engel, M.H. Botta, O. Staley, J.T. 2003PIAmino acid analyses of desert varnish from the Sonoran and Mojave DesertsGeomicrobiology Journal}20427-438animo acids hydrolysates, biochemical signatures, biomarkers, biomineralization, D-amino acids, Death Valley, desert varnish, Gram-positive bacteria, manganese, Mojave Desert, peptidoglycan, racemization, rock coatings, Sonoran Desert, BSCt(!Peterjohn, W.T. Schlesinger, W.H.i 1991JDFactors controlling denitrification in a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem.'Soil Science Society of America Journala55 1694-1701 Peters, G.A. 1978.'Blue-green algae and algal associations BioScience28580-585<6Peters, G.A. Toia, Jr., R.E. Calvert, H.E. Marsh, B.H. 1986-Lichens to Gunnera -- with emphasis on AzollaI    ' Plant and Soil90 17-34fcyanobacteria, crust, Anthoceros, Azolla, Blasia, Gunnera, Macrozamie, N2 fixation, Peltigera, symbiotic cyanobacteria, symbiotic Nostoc and Anabaena   G H @I T ]    Petersen, J.B. 1915("Studien uber Danske aerofile alger.(Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Danenark. VII12272-379Petersen, J.B. 1928"The aerial algae of IcelandBot. of Iceland2325-447Petersen, J.B. 1932,%The algal vegetation of Hammer Bakker Bot. Tidskr42 1-44Petersen, J.B. 1932Einige neue ErdalgenArch. Protistenk76395-408Petersen, J.B. 193581Studies on the biology and taxonomy of soil algae Danske Botanisk Arkiv859f 1-183rPetersen, J.B. 1956LBetreffs Myrmecia pyriformis   .(sterreichischen Botanischen Zeitschrift 103 634"Petersen, R.H. Hughes, K.W.B 1999*#Species and speciation in mushrooms BioScience496440-452"Peterson, R.B. Burris, R.H. 1976tmConversion of acetylene reduction rates to nitrogen fixation rates in natural populations of blue-green algae404-410cyanobacteria, crust0)Peterson, G.A. Williams, S.E. Moser, L.E.b 1991PJInorganic fertilizer use and its effects on semiarid and arid region soils  Skujins, J.-@9Semiarid Lands and Deserts, Soil Resource and Reclamationo  New York, NY  Marcel Dekkere543-5808 Petrov, M.P. 1979.'Land-use of semi-deserts in the U.S.S.R  Walker, B.H.("Management of Semi-arid Ecosystems  Amsterdam Elsevier301-327a Petrova, J. 1931CDie vermeinthiche Heterokonte "Botrydoipsis" minoreine Chlorophycee  + Bein. Bot. Centralbl.48221-228 Petrovska, L. 1969:3Some cyanophyceae from the environment of ValandovoaGod. Zb. Annu. Biol.21131-139 Petry, K. 1968`Entwick lungsgeschicht liche Unter suchungen an Chromophyton rosanoffi und einigen Chlorophyceen 0 F .(sterreichischen Botanischen Zeitschrift 1152447-481 Peveling, E. 1987Lichens  Henis, Yigal.'Survival and Dormancy of Microorganismsi New York John Wiley & Sons 229-266;bsc, desiccation, lichen  Pewe, T.L. 1981YDesert dust: An overview. In: Desert Dust: Origin, Characteristics and Effects on Man    Washington, DC $Geological Society of America3 1-10GSA Special Paper 186N  m9^4g1<1-w7 p9~~V}h  T:)w[wAp62ttppp/VTO\^hhhh8$ W ,  )- w) $$$$$$!hAB!!7HF2)K)Wz (*-+ LLIK5<NNzggional Journal of Remote Sensingd1862 1207-1220cyanobacteria, crustHAKarnieli, Arnon Kidron, Giora J. Glaesser, Cornelia Ben-Dor, Eyalr 1997Spectral characteristics of cyanobacterial soil crust in the visible, near infrared and short wave infrared (400-2,500 nm) in semiarid environmentsnXQTwelfth International Conference and Workshops on Applied Geologic Remote Sensingo Denver, ColoradoII417-424lNovember 17-19, 1997cyanobacteria, crustX<FJ$l@l~}|{ Cameron, Roy Eugene 19620*Soil studies--microflora of desert regions 60Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Programs Summary 12-21No. 37-15, Vol. IVCameron, Roy Eugene 1963LEAlgae of southern Arizona. Part I. Introduction - blue-green algaeRevue Algologique4282-318.'cyanobacteria, distribution, soil crustcCameron, Roy Eugene 19634-Morphology of representative blue-green algae(!Ann. New York Academy of Sciences 108412-420cyanobacteria, crustCameron, Roy Eugene 1964,%Terrestrial algae of southern Arizona82Transactions of the American Microscopical Society83212-218.'distribution, cyanobacteria, soil crustcCameron, Roy Eugene 1964XQAlgae of southern Arizona. Part II. Algal flora (exclusive of blue-green algae)Revue Algologique7151-177cyanobacteria, crust<6Cameron, Roy Eugene Morelli, Frank A. Blank, Gerald B. 1965B;Soil algae occurring in the Valley of 10,000 Smokes, Alaska82Transactions of the American Microscopical Society841 151cyanobacteria, crust 4-Cameron, Roy Eugene Morelli, F.A. Blank, G.B. 1965XRSoil studies--microflora of desert regions. IV. Soil extract as a culture medium 60Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Programs Summary202-208mNo. 37-32, Vol. IV 4-Cameron, Roy Eugene Morelli, F.A. Blank, G.B. 1965|uSoil studies--desert microflora. VI. Abundance of microflora in an area of soil at White Mountain Range, California 60Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Programs Summary212-214No. 37-32, Vol. IVCameron, R.E Blank, G.B. 1965haSoil studies- microflora of desert regions. VIII. distribution and abundance of desert microfloranJPL Space ProgramsIVSummary No. 37-34-193-202ncyanobacteria, crust @9Cameron, Roy Eugene Blank, G.B. Gensel, D.R. Davies, R.W.o 1965BUbiquity of heterotrophic diazotrophs in marine microbial mats Aquatic Microbial Ecology19 29-36d^microbial mat, heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, nitrogen fixationOpfell, J.B. Zebal, G.P. 1967<5Ecological patterns of microorganisms in desert soilsl Brown, A.H. Favorite, F.G.& Life Sciences and Space Research  Amsterdam- North-Holland Publ.lV187-2030$Ophir, Tslil Gutnick, David L. 1994ZSA role for exopollysaccharides in the protection of microorganisms from desiccation\,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology60740-745r Oren, Aharon 1997`ZMycosporine-like amino acids as osmotic solutes in a community of halophilic cyanobacteriaGeomicrobiology Journal 14231-240iXRcyanobacterium gypsum salterns ultraviolet radiation dessication BSC Cyanobacteria ref pulled*$Orlovsky, L. Dourilov, M. Babaev, A. 2004lfTemporal dynamics and productivity of biogenic soil crusts in the central Karakum desert, Turkmenistan"Journal of Arid Environments56579-6010leDesertification, undergrazing, vegetation degradation, remote sensing, biogenic soil crust, BSC, mosso Orr, G.F. 1957<5Fungi from virgin desert soils of southern Californiam  Los Angelesi ,%University of California, Los Angelesl incomplete M.A.desiccation, BSC.'cover page and a table only; ref pulled Orshan, G. 1986$The deserts of the Middle East ,&Evenari, M. Noy-Meir, I. Goodall, D.W.("Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands, B  Amsterdam Elsevier"Ecosystems of the World 12Bg 1-28ZTOrtega-Morales, B.O. Lpez-Corts, A. Hernndez-Duque, G. Crassous, P. Guezennec, J. 2001b[[27] Extracellular polymers of microbial communities colonizing ancient limestone monumentsMethods in Enzymology 336331-339missing references Orwin, Joanna 1972RLThe effect of environment on assemblages of lichens growing on rock surfaces$New Zealand Journal of Botany101 36-47cyanobacteria, crustologist84339-3480)Green, T.G.A. Snelgar, W.P. Wilkins, A.L. 1984RKPhotosynthesis, water relations and thallus structure of Stictaceae lichensf  Brown, D.H.("Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology New York  Plenum Press 57-75ndesiccation, bsc Green, G.M. 1986pjUse of SIR-A and Landsat MSS data in mapping shrub and intershrub vegetation at Koonamore, South Australia4.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing52659-6707 Boronat1973Borowiak19808 Borowiak19866Borowiec1975- Borowitzka1988 Borowitzka1988Borselli19968 Bortels1940 Borut1958 Borut1960 Boscagli2004Bosiacka20010  Bothe1982 Bothorel20010 Bott19797 * Botta2003 Boucher1991  Boudell2002 Bouillant1981 Bouly de Lesdain1911 Bousch19719 Bousch19729 Bouskila2002>Boussiba2000 J Bouton1978v  Bouza1993 s Bovey1988 Bowen1961{ Bowen1963 d Bowker2000  Bowker2002 Bowker20020 Bowler1975e Bowles19858 Bowman1962 Bowman1983d Bowman1984dW Bowman1985p Bowns1985  Bowyer19689  Box1981 Box1983 o Boychenko1942 Boyd19669 Boyd19666 Boyd19676 Boyd19706 Boyd1970g Boyd19988 Boyer1927  Boyer2002Q Boyer2002 Bger1983 Bger1984 Bger1986 Bger1987 Bger1988 P Bger1995 P Bhm1995 Blter1988 Blter1994l Bradstock1994L Brady1969! Bragg1985| Braissant20030 Braithwaite1987I Brambl1993i Brammer1978 Brannaman1955 Brannon1945 Branson1981 Brantley2002 @Brantley2004p Bratt1988Braunack19857$ Braune1980 Bravo1991 Brbic1977 Breazeale1929 Breckle1983 Breckle2001 Bredemhl1949Bredkina19777U Breedveld1992 Bremner1958 Bremner1972  Breshears1998 BretHarte2005 W Breub1996 Breuss19909 Breuss19919 Breuss19929 Breuss19949Brezonik2005 Bristol1919 Bristol1919  Bristol-Roach1926! Bristol-Roach1927" Bristol-Roach1927# Bristol-Roach1927$ Bristol-Roach1928% Bristol-Roach1928 Broadmeadow1995& Broady1976c' Broady1978c( Broady1979c) Broady1979c* Broady1979v+ Broady1979v, Broady1980v Broady19888- Broady1994 Broady1996 Broady2001 Brock1967 Brock1969 Brock1969` Brock1971/ Brock19730 Brock1973 I Brock19731 Brock1975  Brock19753 Brock1976 Brock1978 Brock1978 ~ Brodo19784 Bromfield19765Bronstad199666 Brooker19737 Brooks19863 Brostoff2002  Brotherson1978  Brotherson19816 Brotherson198218 Brotherson1983 9 Brotherson1983  Brotherson19836: Brotherson1985 ; Brotherson1985 p Brotherson1985q Brotherson1985< Brotherson1993 1 Brouers1985 Brouwer1980g Brouzes1973 Brown1954= Brown1956 Brown1956> Brown1962? Brown1964@ Brown1964A Brown1965B Brown1967C Brown1969D Brown1969E Brown1969F Brown1974 Brown1976 Brown1978 ] Brown1978 s Brown1978G Brown1984 } Brown1984 Brown1984  Brown1984  Brown1984H Brown1985  Brown1990 Brown1990 Brown1992I Brown1994 w Brown1994J Brunel19509 Bruni1992K Brunnthaler1915  Bryan1980Bryannah2001 Brzeska1978 Bubrick1984' Bubrick1988  Buck1980 8 Buck19901  Buckhouse1986  Buckley1973  Buckley2002L Buckman1969 Budel1994 Buedel19949 Bull1970M Bull19819: Bullerjahn1988N Bunt19549O Bunt19619" Bunting1975Burbrick19820P Burch1989 Burch2004 ( Burg19659Q Burgaz19909R Burgaz19941Burger-Wioersma1989 Burgheimer2006 Burke1986S Burkholder19445T Burkholder19455 Burns1968 Burns1973 Burns1973V Burns1983 Burns1987P Burns1989 Burns1990: Burns1993l Burns1994 Burns2004 Burns2005 Burova19709  Burris19519 Burris19525; Burris19548 Burris19671 Burris19767W Burris19781X Burris1978v Burton1985Y Burwell1975Y Burwell1975Y Burwell1975 Burwell19751978v  Bouza1993s Bovey1988 Bowen1961{ Bowen1963d  Bowker2000̩  Bowker2002̪ Bowker20020 Bowler1975e Bowles19858 Bowman1962 Bowman1983d Bowman1984dp Bowns1985  Bowyer19689  Box1981 Box1983o  Boychenko1942 Boyd19669 Boyd19666 Boyd19676 Boyd19706 Boyd1970g Boyd19988 Boyer1927  Boyer2002 Bger1983 Bger1984 Bger1986 Bger1987 Bger1988 Bger1995P Bger1995 Bhm1995P  Bhm1995́ Blter1988̠ Blter1994l Bradstock1994L Brady1969! Bragg1985 Brammer1978 Brannaman1955 Brannon1945 Branson1981 Brantley2002@ Brantley2004\ Brantley2004p Bratt1988Braunack19857 Bravo1991 Brbic1977 Breazeale1929 Breckle1983 Breckle2001 Bredemhl1949Bredkina19777 Bremner1958 Bremner1972  Breshears1998W  Breub1996 Breuss19909 Breuss19919 Breuss19929 Breuss19949 Bristol1919 Bristol1919  Bristol-Roach1926! Bristol-Roach1927" Bristol-Roach1927# Bristol-Roach1927$ Bristol-Roach1928% Bristol-Roach1928 Broadmeadow1995& Broady1976c' Broady1978c( Broady1979c) Broady1979c* Broady1979v+ Broady1979v, Broady1980v- Broady1994. Broady1996 Broady2001` Brock1971/ Brock19730 Brock1973I Brock19731 Brock1975  Brock19753 Brock1976~  Brodo19784 Bromfield19765Bronstad199666 Brooker19737 Brooks19863 Brostoff2002  Brotherson1978  Brotherson19816 Brotherson198218 Brotherson1983 9 Brotherson1983  Brotherson19836: Brotherson1985 ; Brotherson1985 p Brotherson1985q Brotherson1985< Brotherson1993 1 Brouers Brouwer1980g Brouzes1973 Brown1954= Brown1956 Brown1956> Brown1962? Brown1964@ Brown1964A Brown1965B Brown1967C Brown1969D Brown1969E Brown1969F Brown1974 Brown1976 Brown1978] Brown1978s Brown1978G Brown1984}  Brown1984 Brown1984  Brown1984  Brown1984H Brown1985  Brown1990 Brown1990I Brown1994w  Brown1994J Brunel19509K Brunnthaler1915 Bryan1980Bryannah2001 Brzeska1978 Bubrick1984' Bubrick1988  Buck19808 Buck19901  Buckhouse1986 Buckley1973  Buckley2002L Buckman1969 Budel1994 Buedel19949M Bull19819N Bunt19549O Bunt19619" Bunting1975Burbrick19820P Burch1989 Burch2004( Burg19659Q Burgaz19909R Burgaz19941Burger-Wioersma1989S Burkholder19445T Burkholder19455 Burns1968 Burns1973 Burns1973V Burns1983 Burns1987P Burns1989 Burns1990: Burns1993l Burns1994 Burova19709 Burris19519 Burris19525; Burris19548 Burris19671 Burris19767W Burris19781X Burris1978vY Burwell1975^ 0 e& Crueger, Wulf Crueger, Anneliese 1989$Extracellular polysaccharides  Brock, T.D.<5Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology Sunderland, Massachusettst "Sinauer and Associates, Inc.330-341c 2ndg@:Csintalan, Z. Takcs, Z. Proctor, M.C.F. Nagy, Z. Tuba, Z. 2000Early morning photosynthesis of the moss Tortula ruralis following summer dew fall in a Hungarian temperate dry sandy grassland)9 Plant Ecology 151 51-5482carbon balance, desiccation tolerance, rehydrationput in Crust biblio,%Csotonyi, Julius T. Addicott, John F.y 2004Influence of trampling-induced microtopography on growth of the soil crust bryophyte Ceratodon purpureus in Jasper National ParkUi@:Canadian Journal of Botany Revue Canadienne de Botanique829 1382-1392 0008-4026 864JACeratodon purpureus ecosystem engineering facilitation microtopography soil crust trampling MICROBIAL SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY DESERT COMMUNITIES LICHENS WATER DESICCATION VEGETATION DIVERSITY ORGANISMS HABITATS BSC grazingThe growth of the moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. Is enhanced by microtopography created by ungulates on silt-rich dune soils. Ungulates such as elk (Cervus elaphus) are important structural modifiers of the soil on the shore of Jasper Lake, Jasper National Park, Canada. Ungulates increase microtopography at the soil surface by creating hoof prints and small raised mounds from kicked-up soil. Experiments with artificial microtopography revealed that C. Purpureus grew faster (1) inside artificial hoof prints, (2) in the shade of soil mounds and plastic barriers, and (3) on north-sloping soil, probably owing to provision of shelter from desiccation. A laboratory study of soil drying rates in the presence and absence of shelters supported this trend. Furthermore, patterns of moss height in naturally occurring hoof prints indicated that the response of moss to this microrelief is scale-dependent, with the strongest response occurring at the finest scale investigated. Finally, at larger spatial scales, moss cover did not decline with increasing hoof print density until 25% of the ground was covered by hoof prints. The incidental creation of microhabitat by ungulates seems to buffer C. Purpureus from the negative crushing effects of trampling.4-Jayne CCOD Issue 48 emailed author 6-28-05 tkv'J. T. Csotonyi and J. F. Addicott, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9 julius@ualberta.net&Culberson, W.L. Culberson, C.F.. 19730*Parallel evolution in lichen-forming fungiScience 180196-198.D=Culberson, William Louis Culberson, Chicita F. Johnson, Anita 1977kCorrelations between secondary-product chemistry and ecogeography in the Ramalina siliquosa group (Lichens)dI[&Plant Systematics and Evolution 127t191-200flichen-forming fungi, secondary-product chemistry, ecogeography of chemotypes, Ramalinaceae, Ramalina siliquosa, Ramalina zopfii, desiccation, bscO0)ref from Nash, T.H., 1996, Lichen BiologyCulberson, William Louis 1986lfChemistry and sibling speciation in the lichen-forming fungi: ecological and biological considerationsThe Bryologist892s123-131lichen, bsc, desiccationCulbertson, C.F. 19696/Chemical and botanical guide to lichen products  Chapel Hill ("University of North Carolina Press"Cullimore, D.R. Woodbine, M. 196382A rhizosphere effect of the pea root on soil algae Nature 198c304-305lCullimore, D.R.o 1965LEStudies on the algal bioassay of soil potassium using Tchan's methodsiPlant and Soil23 34-42Cullimore, D.R.o 1966XQThe assessment by bioassay using algae of the plant available sulphur in the soilo"Journal of Sci. Food Agric.i17 7-11Cullimore, D.R.b 1971<6Interaction between herbicides and soil microorganismsResidue Review35 65-80 Cullimore, D.R.y 1975[The in vitro sensitivity of some species of Chlorophyceae to a selected range of herbicides     Weed Researcht15401-406 "Cullimore, D.R. McCann, A.E. 1977HAInfluence of four herbicides on the algal flora of a prairie soilaPlant and Soil46499-510R"Czeczuga, B. Gierasimow, M. 1973Influence of certain pesticides on microorganisms. Influence of DDT on the synthesis of particular amino acids in Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena cylindrica s   $Bull. Acad. Polska Sci. Biol.21751-758o Herrick, Jeffrey E.Herrnstadt, I.Herrnstadt, IlanaHershkovitz, N. Hess, W.M.Hessen, Dag O.Hetrick, B.A.D.Hibberd, Julian M. Hild, A.L. Hild, Ann L.Hildebrand, D.C. Hill, D.R.Hill, Linda M. Hilty, J.H.Hilty, Julie H. Hinch, J.M. Hirai, M. Hitch, C.J.B. Ho, W.C.Hochman, Ayala Hocking, A.D.Hocking, Ailsa D.Hodkinson, I.D.Hoekstra, F.A.Hoekstra, Folkert A. Hoffman, G.R. Hoffman, J.F. Hofmann, H.J.Hofmockel, K.S. Hoham, R.W. Hohl, H.R.Holbrook, K.G.Holdgate, M.W.Hollister, Robert D.Holm-Hansen, O.Holopainen, T.H.Holstein, R.D. Honegger, R. Honglang, X.Horne, Alexander J. Horneck, G.Horodyski, R.J.Horowitz, N.H. Houmard, J.Houser, Christopher A. Howard, G. L. Howard, G.L.Howard-Williams, C. Howarth, R.W. Howe, C.J.Hsieh, Chienyan Hu, C. Huang, C. Huang, C.-H. Huang, Z. Hubbard, J.S. Huesca, M. Hughes, K.A.Hughes, Kevin A.Huiskes, A.H.L. Humble, S.J. Hussein, Y.A.Hutchins, D.A.Huxman, Travis E. Hyvrinen, M.Iacomini, MarcelloIhlenfeldt, M.J.A.III, Charles van Riper Inderjit Ingham, E.R. Ingham, R.E. Ingold, C.T. Ingram, J. Ino, Y. Inoue, M. Inoue, N. Inouye, M. Jacob, A. Jacques, I.D. Jacquet, S. Jadhaw, M.J. Jahns, H.M.Jahns, Hans Martin James, P.W.Jardine, Richard Javed, Z.U.R. Javor, B.Jayasinghearachchi, H.S.Jefferies, R.L.Jennings, D.H.Jensen, Manfred Jensen, T.E. Jha, M. N.Jia, Xiao-HongJohansen, J.R.Johansen, Jeffrey R.Johnson, Anita Johnson, C.D. Johnson, C.H. Johnson, E.A.Johnson, Jeanette M. Johnson, S.L.Johnston, Carl G. Jones, A. Jones, A.K. Jones, B. E.Jones, Clive G. Jones, David Jones, K. Jordan, D.C.Jrgensen, Bo BarkerJungerius, P.D. Jrgens, U.J. Kade, A. Kaiser, W.M.Kallersjo, MariKaltenecker, Julie H. Kaplan, A. Kaplan, Aaron Kappen, L.Kappen, Ludger Kapusta, J.A. Karnieli, A. Karsten, Ulf Kashi, Y. Kashino, Y.Kashyap, Ajai K. Katagiri, S. Kawaguchi, H. Keenan, T.W. Keizer, P.J. Kelly, B.B. Kerry, K.R. Kershaw, K.A.Kesselmeier, J. Kevei, EvaKhadr, Mohamed S. Khamis, L. Khan, Z. Khew, K.L. Kidron, G. J. Kidron, G.J.Kidron, Giora J. Kilian, E. Kilian, EllenKimberley, M.M. Kirst, G.O.Kitchen, Stanley G. Klaveness, D. Klepeis, D.M. Klinger, T. Knauth, L.P. Knops, J.M.H.$ Knops, Johannes Michael HubertusKnudsen, Kerry Ko, W.H. Koba, K. Koike, H. Komarek, JirKomarkova, Jaroslava Komrek, J. Komrkov, J.Komrkov, Jaroslava Komenda, J. Kopeck, J.Kotlyakov, V. M.Kottke, Ingrid Kramer, P.J. Kranner, I. Kranner, IlseKratochwil, A.Kreier, Hans-PeterKristensen, T.N.Krol, Marianna Krueger, W.C. Krugman, T.Krumbein, W.E.Kubeckova, Klra Kueh, T.K. Kunert, A. Kushnir, E.Kuthubutheen, A.J.Kuusinen, Mikko Khl, Michael L., Lange O.La Doux, Tasha Lacey, J. Lakatos, M. Lallemant, R. Lamit, L.J. Lane, D.M. Lane, N. Lange, O. Lange, O. L. Lange, O.L.Lange, Otto L.Langston, Greg Larcher, W.Larcher, Walter Larson, D.W.Larson, Douglas W.Lassen, Carsten Lavoie, P. Lawley, B. Lawley, BlairLawrence, J.R.Lawrey, James D. Laws, R.M.Lawton, John H.Lzaro, RobertsLe Campion, T.Le Hourou, H.N.04L Belnap, Jaynet 1992`ZCharacteristics of cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts in long-term saguaro monitoring plots 0*Stone, Charles P. Bellantoni, Elizabeth S.LEProceedings of the Symposium on Research in Saguaro National Monument Tucson, Arizona \VNational Park Service, Rincon Institute, and Southwest Parks and Monuments Association259-26223-24 January 1991 Belnap, Jayne 1993RLRecovery rates of cryptobiotic crusts: inoculant use and assessment methodsGreat Basin Naturalist531c 89-95gcyanobacteria, soil algae, cryptobiotic crusts, cryptogamic crusts, recovery, disturbance, reclamation, inoculation, Microcoleus vaginatus, crusts u  DRecovery rates of cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts from disturbance were examined. Plots were either undisturbed or scalped, and scalped plots were either inoculated with surrounding biological crust material or left to recover naturally. Natural recovery rates were found to be very slow. Inoculation significantly hastened recovery for the cyanobacterial/green algal component, lichen cover, lichen species richness, and moss cover. Even with inoculation, however, lichen and moss recovery was minimal. Traditional techniques of assessing recovery visually were found to underestimate time for total recovery. Other techniques, such as extraction of chlorophyll a from surface soil and measurement of sheath material accumulation, were used and are discussed.   $Belnap, Jayne Gardner, John S. 1993kSoil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau: the role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatusVGreat Basin Naturalist531 40-47HAcyanobacteria, biological soil crusts, soil, soil microstructure,l82Belnap, Jayne Harper, Kimball T. Warren, Steven D. 1994~xSurface disturbance of cryptobiotic soil crusts: nitrogenase activity, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll degradation,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation8 1-80 Belnap, J. 1994HACryptobiotic soil crusts: basis for arid land restoration (Utah)h& Restoration and Management Notes121 85-868 Belnap, Jaynel 1994>7Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts of San Nicolas Islands $Halvorson, W.L. Maender, G.J.0^XProceedings: The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the status of Resources Santa Barbara, CA .'Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History9491-495p  Belnap, Jaynel 1994HAPotential role of cryptobiotic soil crusts in semiarid rangelandsr ,&Monsen, Stephen B. Kitchen, Stanley G.haProceedings: Symposium on Ecology, Management, and Restoration of Intermountain Annual Rangelands  Boise, IDr ZTUS Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service Intermountain Research Station179-185bMay 18-22, 1992*$General Technical Report INT-GTR-313 Belnap, Jayne 1995HASurface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification.'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment37 39-57cyanobacteria, crust& Belnap, Jayne Harper, Kimball T. 1995d^Influence of cryptobiotic soil crusts on elemental content of tissue of two desert seed plants,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation9107-115pcyanobacteria, crust Belnap, Jayne 1995xrRecovery of nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soils crusts of the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau.'The Transdisciplinary Nature of Ecology Snowbird, Utah $Ecological Society of Americaz76 18-19e June 1995eAbstract Belnap, Jayne 1996vpSoil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts$Biology and Fertility of Soils23362-367cryptobiotic, cryptogamic, microphytic, microbiotic, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, Microcoleus vaginatus, Collema tenax, heterocysts, acetylene reduction assay, ARA, cyanobacteria, crust Belnap, Jayned 1996xqImpact of soil surface disturbance on cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts in deserts of the southwest United States Bartholomew, Breck*$Proceedings: Desert Tortoise Council  Las Vegas, NV 42-43("Belnap, J. Sanford, R.L. Lungu, L. 1996d]Biological soil crusts: Ecological roles and response to fire in Miombo woodlands of Zimbabwee:3Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Associationo70 14-202 Belnap, Jayne  1996NGImpacts of soil surface trampling: A case study in Arches National Parkt Bartholomew, Breck*$Proceedings: Desert Tortoise Council Las Vegas, Nevada44 Belnap, J. Gillette, D.A.  1997~xDisturbance of biological soil crusts: impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in southeastern Utah& Land Degradation and Development8355-362xqfriction threshold velocity, soil loss, cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, cryptobiotic, cyanobacteria, cruste"belnap and gillette reviews&Belnap, Jayne Gillette, Dale A.s 1998Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance"Journal of Arid Environments39133-142cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, cyanobacteria, lichens, soil loss, wind erosion, land degradation, biological soil crustd"belnap and gillette reviews $YJ n XWPV bn mUTDhar, N.R. Bhat, G.N.a 1965jInfluence of light sensitivity, organic matter and phosphate on: A) nitrogen fixation and B) availability of P2O5 in the presence and absence of Anabaena naviculoides and Chlorella pyrenoidosa p @q r @s    HAProceedings of the Natural Academy of Science of India, Section A353309-326,%Dharmawardene, M.W.N. Stewart, W.D.P.. 1972VPNitrogenase activity, amino acid pool patterns and amination in blue-green algae Planta 108133-145 Dhindsa, R.S. Bewley, J.D. 1977Water stress and protein synthesis V. Protein synthesis, protein stability, and membrane permeability in a drought-sensitive and a drought-tolerant mossPlant Physiology59295-300oput in Crust biblio Dhindsa, R.S. 19857The pattern of recovery of bryophytes after desiccationnJournal of Bryologyg8r 97-115put in Crust biblio\Dillenius, Johann J. 1741Historia muscoruma OxoniiB;Dillon, J.G. Tatsumi, C.M. Tandingan, P.G. Castenholz, R.W. 2002Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.)m~Arch. Microbiol. 177322-331f`cyanobacteria scytonemin UV osmotic stress temperature stress oxidative stress desert crusts BSCPDF on K drive0*Dillon, J.G. Miller, S.R. Castenholz, R.W. 2003PUV-acclimation responses in natural populations of cyanobacteria (Calothrix sp.)BL Environmental Microbiology5t6473-483dessication BSCe.'Dillon, Jesse G. Castenholz, Richard W.h 2003The synthesis of the UV-screening pigment, scytonemin, and photosynthetic performance in isolates from closely related natural populations of cyanobacteria (Calothrix sp.) Environmental Microbiology56484-491 June 2003*$doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00436.x4.SHEATH PIGMENT RADIATION CHROOCOCCIDIOPSIS BSCTwo populations of the cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. found in Yellowstone thermal spring outflows differ greatly in their contents of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, and in their photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates. Clonal isolates from both populations were used to investigate these phenotypic differences. Identical partial 16S rDNA sequences (900 bp) suggest a very close relationship between the two Calothrix populations and indicate that environmental differences may, in part, explain the field observations. The effects of native spring water on scytonemin synthesis and photosynthesis were tested during experiments using plated cells. Results show differences in the spring water environment were at least partly responsible for the differences in scytonemin content observed in the field. Furthermore, spring water effects on photosynthetic performance suggest adaptation in these strains to their spring of origin. Controlled experiments performed using cultures grown in artificial liquid medium showed no significant difference in photosynthetic carbon uptake between strains. However, significant differences were detected in their ability to synthesize scytonemin indicating genetic differences between populations. These findings suggest that both genetic and environmental differences are responsible for the naturally occurring variation in scytonemin content and photosynthetic ability in these two closely related populations.for Jayne from Jessie's pile - some mysterious endnote list June 2005 tk emailed Castenholz 7-07-05 tk emailed dillon 11-21-05 tk email failed tried castenholz at uoregon.edu PDF on K drive'hbCASTENHOLZ RW,UNIV OREGON,DEPT BIOL; EUGENE OR 97403, USA. rcasten@darkwing.uoregon.edu Jesse Dillon Center For Astrobiology and Early Earth Studies Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Box 352700, 168 Wilcox University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Ph: (206) 685-3493, Fax; (206) 685-3836 e-mail: jdillon@u.washington.edu rcasten@uoregon.eduqpV  V  d2001rlCrust strength: a wind tunnel study of the effect of impact by saltating particles on cohesive soil surfaces,%Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 267721-733,%Earth Surface Processes and Landformss 1096-9837o10.1002/esp.217gB<wind erosion crust strength saltation impact energy BSC dustA wind tunnel study examined the effect of distributions of saltating particles on sediment surfaces which were characte6/Zaady, Eli Gutterman, Yitzchak Boeken, Bertrandc 1997The germination effects of cyanobacterial soil crust on mucilaginous seeds of three desert plants: Plantago coronopus, Reboudia pinnata and Carrichtera annua d   Plant and Soil 190247-252c0)Zaady, Eli Groffman, Peter Shachak, Moshe9 1997NGNitrogen fixation in macro- and microphytic patches in the Negev deserto$Soil Biology and Biochemistry000e 1-6cyanobacteria, crustVPZaady, Eli Kuhn, Uwe Wilske, Burkhard Sandoval-Soto, Lisseth Kesselmeier, Jurgen 2000FPatterns of CO2 exchange in biological soil crusts of successional age@Soil Biology & Chemistry32959-96660biological soil crust, respiration, assimilationZaady, E. Bouskila, A. 2002leLizard burrows association with successional stages of biological soil crusts in an arid sandy regioni"Journal of Arid Environments50235-246cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, microphytic, cryptogamic, disturbance, management, conservation, Stenodactylus doriae, Acanthodactylus lizardsg4-Zaady, Eli Boeken, B. Ariza, C. Gutterman, Y.i 2003Light, temperature, and substrate effects on the germination of three Bromus species in comparison with their abundance in the fieldFL& Israel Journal of Plant Sciences514267-273 bscd("Zaady, Eli Levacov, R. Shachak, M. 2004}Application of the herbicide, simazine, and its effect on soil surface parameters and vegetation in a patchy desert landscape,(!Arid Land Research and Management0184397-410rkerosion, microphytes, patchiness, surface runoff, overland flow, biological soil crusts, cyanobacteria, BSCk> Chapin1990 Chapin1991t  Chapin1992 Chapin19949 Chapin1996t Chaplin1980 Chaplin1981 Chaplin1987 Chaplin1988 Chapman1976 Chapman1976 Chapman1985{ Charley1979Chartres19886Chartres19891Chartres19900SChartres1990Chartres19921Chartres19954 Chartres19988 Chase1941V Chase1986Chastain19571Q Chaudhari1975t Chauhan1990P Chavez19818] Chelm1988 Chen19801 Chen19844 6 Chen19844 Chen19869 Chen19877 Chen19880 Chen19889 Chen19968 Chen2000 1 Chen2003 H Chen2003 Chen2005b Cheng1984 Cheng2006  Chettri1998 Chiang19939 Child1986 Chiou1977 Chiou1977 Chirila1971 Cho1972 Chodat19090 Chodat19260 Chodat19570Cholodny19301 Chong1992  Chopra1981  Chopra1983 Choudhuri1975 Chow19888n Chow19888X Christensen1989 Christensen1996  Christensen2001  Christensen2001 Christians19978@ Christiansen19664Christie19699Christie1987. Christmas1997 Chrost19788 Chudek1984  Chunleuchanon2003 Churchill1985 Ciferri1960 Clark1970 Clark1996 Clark1998 Clark2001  Clarke1970  Clarke1971 Clarke1980 Clarke1991 Clarke1992m /Cleavitt2002 Clegg1986 Clendenning1956 Clerk1998  Cleveland2002Cloudsley-Thompson1988 Coates1987 Cobb1964- Cochran1998Cochrane1974Cochrane19944Cochrane19966 o Cockell2002 n Cockell2003 Cockshutt2005 Codd19759 Codd19911 Cogt19794 Cohen1981( Cohen1991 Cohen1996 Cohen2001 y Cohen-Bazire1971r Cohen-Bazire1983 }Cohitton19781 & Colberg2003 Cole19904Cole Jr.1976B Coleman1984 Coleman1984c Coleman1985 Coley-Smith1971 Coley-Smith1974 Coley-Smith1980 Coley-Smith1985 Collier1993 Collins1909* Colombo1997 & Colombo1997x Colombo1997Comerton1975mComerton1978m Compre1966 Conard1980v Conrow19699 Conrow19699 Conrow19700 Conrow19711 q Convey1993 r Convey1994 Convey2006 Cook19989 Cooke1955 Cooke1971 Cooke1973 Cooke1985 Cooke1986 Cooke1987 Cooks1987Copeland19327Copeland19367 Coplin19929 Cornet19923 Corradi1991 Cortina2002 Cortina2002 Cortina2003T Costa2001 T Costerton1975 Cotter1981 Couch1942  Coulson2003Coupland1949o Courel19854 Coursin1983 Courtin1991 Courty19898 Coute1976 Coute1999 Cout1976 Cout2001  Cowan1992 Cowan1994 Cowles19824 Cowling1977 Cox1967 Cox1968 Cox1969 Cox1971A Cox1971 Cox1971 Cox1991 Coxson19831 Coxson19833 Coxson19833w Coxson19888y Coxson1988dz Coxson1988d Coxson1991 Coxson19923 Coyle1935t Cram20050 2Crandall-Stotler1977 Crassous2001uCrawford1981o Crawford2003 Crews2002 ; Criddle2002 Crisp1975 Crittenden19781  Crittenden1979  Crittenden1981 Crittenden1989 Crittenden1994  Crittenden2003 Croasdale1942 Croasdale1972 Croasdale1975 Crocker1987 Croome1973Crossley19846 Crowe1986 Crowe1986 Crowe1989 Crowe1989 f Crowe1992 f Crowe1992W Crowe1994W Crowe1994 Crowe1997 Crowe1997 m Crowe2002 Crueger1989 Crueger1989 8 Crum19901 ? Csintalan1997 R Csintalan1998 S Csintalan1998 E Csintalan2000 e Csintalan2000 j Csintalan2000 . Csintalan2002Csotonyi2004 Cui1992  Cui1992 Culberson1973 Culberson1973  Culberson1977  Culberson1977  Culberson1986 Culbertson1969 Cullimore1963 Cullimore1965 Cullimore1966 Cullimore1971 Cullimore1975 Cullimore1977 Cullimore1979 Cunningham19900  Cunningham1998 Curry1963=CuthbertsonW.F.J.1956thbertsonW.F.J.1956CuthbertsonW.F.J.195619090 Chodat19260 Chodat19570Cholodny19301 Chong1992  Chopra1981 Chopra1983 Choudhuri1975 Chow19888n Chow19888 Christensen1996  Christensen2001  Christensen2001 Christians19978@ Christiansen19664Christie19699Christie1987 Chrost19788  Chunleuchanon2003 Ciferri1960 Clark1970 Clark1996 Clark1998 Clark2001  Clarke1970  Clarke1971 Clarke1991 Clarke1992mJ Clarke1992/ Cleavitt2002 Clendenning1956 Clerk1998  Cleveland2002Cloudsley-Thompson1988 Cobb1964- Cochran1998Cochrane19944Cochrane19966o  Cockell2002n  Cockell2003 Codd19759 Cogt19794 Cohen1981 Cohen1996 Cohen2001y  Cohen-Bazire1971r Cohen-Bazire1983} Cohitton19781&  Colberg2003 Cole19904B Coleman1984 Collins1909* Colombo1997& Colombo1997Comerton1975mComerton1978m Compre1966 Conard1980v Conrow19699 Conrow19699 Conrow19700 Conrow19711q  Convey1993r  Convey1994 Cook19989 Cooke1955 Cooke1973 Cooks1987Copeland19327Copeland19367 Coplin19929 Cornet19923 Corradi1991 Cortina2002 Cortina2002 Cortina2003T  Costerton1975 Couch1942 Coulson2003Coupland1949o Courel19854 Coursin1983 Courtin1991  Courty19898 Coute1976 Coute1999 Cout1976 Cout2001  Cowan1992 Cowan1994 Cowles19824 Cowling1977 Cox1967 Cox1968 Cox1969 Cox1971A Cox1971 Cox1971 Cox1991 Coxson19831 Coxson19833 Coxson19833w Coxson19888y Coxson1988dz Coxson1988d Coxson19923 Coyle19352 Crandall-Stotler1977 Crassous2001uCrawford1981o Crawford2003 Crews2002; Criddle2002 Crisp1975 Crittenden19781  Crittenden1979̥  Crittenden1981 Crittenden1989 Crittenden1994  Crittenden2003 Croasdale1942 Croasdale1972 Croasdale1975 Crocker1987 Croome1Crossley19846f  Crowe1992f Crowe1992 Crowe1997 Crowe1997m  Crowe2002 Crueger1989 Crueger19898 Crum19901?  Csintalan1997R  Csintalan1998S  Csintalan1998E  Csintalan2000e  Csintalan2000j  Csintalan2000.  Csintalan2002 Cui1992 Cui1992 Culberson1973 Culberson1973  Culberson1986 Culbertson1969 Cullimore1963 Cullimore1965 Cullimore1966 Cullimore1971 Cullimore1975 Cullimore1977 Cullimore1979 Cunningham19900  Cunningham1998 Curry1963=CuthbertsonW.F.J.1956 j i h g f e d8 c b q* a* (@9Souza-Egipsy, Virginia Ascaso, Carmen Sancho, Leopoldo G.e 2002~Water distribution within terricolous lichens revealed by scanning electron microscopy and its relevance in soil crust ecologyMycological Research 106g11 1367-1374rbiological soil crusto81Sderbck, Erik Lindblad, Peter Bergman, Birgittae 1990dDevelopmental patterns related to nitrogen fixation in the Nostoc-Gunnera magellanica Lam. symbiosis ; U  Planta 182355-362cyanobacteria, crust4-Srensen, J.G. Kristensen, T.N. Loeschcke, V. 2003B;The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteinsnEcology Lettersg6l 1025-1037ezsadaptation, environmental stress resistance, genetic stress, Hsp, protein quality control, lichen, BSC, desiccationsSpeir, T.W. Ross, D.J. 1975xrEffects of storage on the activities of protease, urease, phosphatase, and sulphatase in three soils under pasture$New Zealand Journal of Science18231-237nbiological soil crustsSpence, John R. 1988<6Checklist of the mosses of the Intermountain West, USAGreat Basin Naturalist483394-401cyanobacteria, crust Spence, J.R. 1991zsNotes on cryptogamic plants of Utah: range extensions and species new to the state from Capitol Reef National ParkhGreat Basin Naturalist51279-2818 Spencer, T. 1988Coastal biogeomorphology  Viles, H.A. Biogeomorphology New York Basil Blackwell5255-318l60cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, weathering$Spencer, Sherry Tinnin, Robert 1997ZSEffects of coal dust on plant growth and species composition in an arid environmento"Journal of Arid Environments37475-485vpbiological soil crust, air quality, biodiversity, community structure, coal dust, cryptogamic crust, disturbance Sprent, J.I. 1985,&Nitrogen fixation in arid environments ,&Wickens, G.E. Goodin, J.R. Field, D.V.Plants for Arid Lands\ London George Allen and Unwin215-229$Sprent, Janet I. Sprent, Peter 1990:4Nitrogen fixing organisms: Pure and applied aspects  Cambridge University Press Firstcyanobacteria, crustSrivastava, P.N. 197282Antagonism between two species of blue-green algae Desikachary, T.V.2,The Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae  Madras, India ,%Symposium at the University of Madras Sroga, Grazyna E.n 1997Regulation of nitrogen fixation by different nitrogen sources in the filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Microcoleus sp.y r }  FEMS Microbiology Letters 153 11-15Ucyanobacteria, crust, cyanobacterium, Microcoleus sp., nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase & 1  :4St. Clair, L.L. Webb, B.L. Johnson, J.R. Terry, R.E. 1982nhEnhancement of seed germination and seedling development by cryptogamic soil crusts in desert rangelands  Provo, UTU "US Forest Service Shrub Laba62 UnpublishedeNHSt. Clair, Larry L. Webb, Bruce L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. Nebeker, Glen T. 1984hbCryptogamic soil crusts: enhancement of seedling establishment in disturbed and undisturbed areas,%Reclamation and Revegetation Research23i129-136tcyanobacteria, crust Z D z  (J. 2006RLEffects of enhanced UV-B radiation on nitrogen fixation in arctic ecosystems Plant Ecologyt Feb 23CCC:EFIRST040291189\UBryophytes Cyanobacteria Cyanolichens Nitrogen fixation The Arctic UV-B radiation BSCr4-Recent Leys, J.N. 19900*Soil crusts: their effect on wind erosionRKResearch Note 1/90, Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales, Australiai Leys, J.F. 1992ngCover levels to control soil and nutrient loss from wind erosion on sandplain country in central N.S.W.NProceedings of the 7th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society     84-919 Leys, J.F. Eldridge, D.J. 1998b[Influence of cryptogamic crust disturbance to wind erosion on sand and loam rangeland soilsl,%Earth Surface Processes and Landformst23963-974ycyanobacteria, crust&Lvesque, Esther Svoboda, Josef 1999nhVegetation re-establishment in polar "lichen-kill" landscapes: a case study of the Little Ice Age impactPolar Research182n221-228f82biological soil crust, cyanobacteria, lichen, mossLi, S.H. 1991LEcology of the terrestrial alga Nostoc flagelliforme Berk. et Curt. in China   4 Journal of Phycology273 SUPPL45cyanobacteria, crust0)Li, X.-R. Wang, X.-P. Li, T. Zhang, J.-G. 2002Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificially stabilized desert dunes in Tengger Desert, North China$Biology and Fertility of Soils35147-154xqarid desert region, microbiotic crust, sand-fixing vegetation, wind erosion, biological soil crust, cyanobacteriaa,%Li, X-R Wang, X-P Zhang, J.-G. Li, T.g 2002Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificially stabilized desert dunes in Tengger Desert, North ChinaBiol. Fertil. SoilsM35147-154PJArid deser region, microbiotic crust, sand-fixing vegetation, wind erosion:3Li, X-R Zhou, H-Y Wang, X-P Zhu, Y.-Z. O'conner, PJv 2003The effects of sand stabilization and revegetation on cryptogam species diversity and soil fertility in the Tengger Desert, Northern ChinaPlant and Soil 251237-245XRalgae, cryptogamic crust, cryptogamic diversity, moss revegetation, Tennger desertB.L. Johnson, J.R. Terry, R.E. 1982nhEnhancement of seed germination and seedling development by cryptogamic soil crusts in desert rangelands  Provo, UTU "US Forest Service Shrub Laba62 UnpublishedeNHSt. Clair, Larry L. Webb, Bruce L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. Nebeker, Glen T. 1984hbCryptogamic soil crusts: enhancement of seedling establishment in disturbed and undisturbed areas,%Reclamation and Revegetation Research23i129-136tcyanobacteria, crust178u Dutta, N. Venkataraman, C. 1958RKAn exploratory study of the algae of some cultivated and uncultivated soils $Indian Journal of Agriculturet3 109-115"Duvigneaud, P. Symoens, J.J. 1950^WSur la strate algale des formations herbeuses du sud du Congo Belge. Compt. Rend. Hebd.Sances Acad. Sci. 230c676-678Dvornyk, V. Nevo, E. 2003rkGenetic polymorphism of cyanobacteria under permanent natural stress: a lesson from the "Evolution Canyons"nResearch in Microbiology 154e 79-84^stress, polymorphism, cyanobacteria, "Evolution Canyon", Nostoc linckia, biological soil crust9GDyer, T. 18726/On a substance known as 'Australian caoutchouc'cJournal of Botany (N.S.)1103-106 Dykstra, R. 1966<6An investigation of some algae of the Texas Gulf Coast  Austin, TX University of Texas M.A. Thesis^Milliger1969n Milnes19878 Milthorpe1960m Milton1994v Milton1998Minibaev1976nMinibaev19808Miroshnichenko1996s Mirzai19979) Mishler1979 Mishler1985 Z Mishler1988 ? Mishler1990 Mishler1991  Mishler1993 Mishler1994 Y Mishler1994 H Mishler1998 Mishler1998  Mishler2000 d Mishler2000 Mishra2005 Mishustin1964 Mishustin1973Mitchell19578 Mitchell19677Mitchell19951 Mitchell1998 Mitra1951 Mitra1959 Y Mitra1964 Mitra1966 Mitra1972v Mitra1972 Mitsui19969' Mittler1991  Mityushina20033 } Moberg19855 Moewus19535 Moezelaar1996  Mojzsis1996 H Molesworth1973 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1986 Mollenhauer1986 Mollenhauer1988 Mollenhauer1988b Mollenhauer1991b Mollenhauer1991 Mollenhauer1992 Mollenhauer1992 Mollenhauer1994 Mollenhauer1994_ Mollenhauer1995 Monastersky1989 Monger1991 Monod1986 Montana1992 Montoya1996 \Montserrat-Marti1999 Moore1919 Moore1926 Moore1963 Moore1963X Moore1964 Moore1965 Moore1970; Moore1973 Moore1979P Moore1989 Moore1996 Moorhead1999; Morel1979< Morel1980!Moreland1946p Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1970U Morello1985 Moreno19925 Moreno19955 Moreno19989 Morgan19729 Morgan2006 Morin1980 6 Morin1984 Morin1986. Morris19300/ Morris193000 Morris19377^ Morris19843 Morris19893Morrison1984aLMorrison1986| Morvan19888 Moser1979 Moser1980 Moser1982 u Moser1982 Moser1983 Moser1991 Mosier19789 Mosier2005 Mosse1987 Mosser19729 Mota2006 P Mott19799 Mott19959 Motta1986  Mottershead1980R Mouat1990r Mousain1985s Mousain1985 : Moyo19999 Moyse1934 Mller1994l  Mrozinska1990 Muehlstein19839 Mugnier1987Muldavin19934Muldavin19944Muldavin19944Muldavin19964 Mulder19719 Mulder1989 " Mulders1996 Mulholland1998 Mulholland1999 Mulholland1999 Mulholland2001 Mulholland2001 Mulla2005 Muller19888 Mullineaux19809 Mullineaux1981 z Mummey1994 Munjko19770 ] Munn20040 S Mur19854 Mur1989h Mur19896 Mur19907 Mur19908 Mur1991d Mur19945 Murata19999o Murata2000 Murphy19760m Murphy19769 Murphy19781 Murray1978 Murray19799 Murray19949 Murray19977 ] Muscha2004 Mcher19889 Mcher19898 Mller19538Mller Argovensis1880_ Mwatha1990 Myers1951 Myers1955 Myers1958 Myers1964 Myers1971  Myers2003 Nadakuvukaren1970 Nadeau2000 Nadeau2001 Nadelhoffer1990 fNagarkar1999 Nagayama20033  Nagle2002  Nagle2002 S Nagy19989 e Nagy20000 j Nagy2000 . Nagy2002v Nagy20055 Nagy20050INakagawa1987 Nakahara19988 Nakano1917  Nakatsubo1986 Nakatsubo1987 Nakatsubo1991Nakayama19961 Nalewajko1976  Namsaraev2003 Nanda1991 Naranjo1984Nararini19900 Nash19733 Nash19741 Nash19741 Nash19741 Nash19751 Nash19751 Nash1975m Nash1976m Nash1976m Nash1977m^ Nash19799 Nash19797 Nash19799 Nash19817  Nash19828  Nash19832y Nash1983  Nash19969 Nash III19739 Nash III1977 Nash III1980 uNash III1982Nash III1982 Nash III1986 Nash III1988 Nash III1990 Nash III1990 Nash III1991Nasonova19555 ] Natarajan1959 Natesan1989 Naumann1970 Naumann1970 Naumann1971 Naumann1972Navarini19900Navarini19900 Mitsui19969  Mityushina20033} Moberg19855 Moewus19535 Moezelaar1996  Mojzsis1996H  Molesworth1973 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1985 Mollenhauer1986 Mollenhauer1986 Mollenhauer1988 Mollenhauer1988b Mollenhauer1991b Mollenhauer1991 Mollenhauer1992 Mollenhauer1992 Mollenhauer1994 Mollenhauer1994_ Mollenhauer1995 Monastersky1989 Monger1991 Monod1986 Montana1992 Montoya1996\ Montserrat-Marti1999 Moore1919 Moore1926 Moore1963 Moore1964 Moore1965 Moore1970; Moore1973 Moore1979P Moore1989 Moore1996 Moorhead1999!Moreland1946p Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1965 Morelli1970U Morello1985 Moreno19925 Moreno19955 Moreno19989 Morgan19729 Morin19806 Morin1984 Morin1986. Morris19300/ Morris193000 Morris19377^ Morris19843 Morris19893Morrison1984aMorrison1986a| Morvan19888 Moser1979 Moser1980  Moser1982u Moser1982  Moser1983 Moser1991 Mosier19789 Mosser19729P Mott19799 Mott19959  Mottershead1980R Mouat1990r Mousain1985s Mousain1985: Moyo19999  Moyse1934 Mller1994l  Mrozinska1990 Muehlstein19839Muldavin19934Muldavin19944Muldavin19944Muldavin19964 Mulder19719" Mulders1996 Muller19888 Mullineaux19809 Mullineaux1981z  Mummey1994 Munjko19770] Munn20040S Mur19853 Mur19894 Mur19896 Mur19907 Mur19908 Mur1991 Murphy19760m Murphy19769 Murphy19781 Murray1978 Murray19799 Murray19949 Murray19977]  Muscha2004 Mcher19889 Mcher19898 Mller19538Mller Argovensis1880 Myers1951 Myers1955 Myers1958 Myers1964 Myers1971  Myers2003 Nadakuvukaren1970 Nadelhoffer1990f Nagarkar1999 Nagayama20033  Nagle2002  Nagle2002S Nagy19989e Nagy20000j Nagy2000. Nagy2002 Nakahara19988 Nakano1917  Nakatsubo1986 Nakatsubo1987 Nakatsubo1991Nakayama19961 Nalewajko1976  Namsaraev2003 Nanda1991 Naranjo1984Nararini19900  Nash19733 Nash19741 Nash19741 Nash19741 Nash19751 Nash19751 Nash1975m Nash1976m Nash1976m Nash1977m^ Nash19799 Nash19797 Nash19799 Nash19817  Nash19828  Nash19832y Nash1983  Nash19969 Nash III19739 Nash III1977̛ Nash III1980u Nash III1982Nash III1982 Nash III1986 Nash III1988̇ Nash III1990̜ Nash III1990 Nash III1991Nasonova19555]  Natarajan1959 Naumann1970 Naumann1970 Naumann1971 Naumann1972Navarini19900990019900ni19900t*rD(hElad, Y. Baker, R. 1985Influence of trace amounts of cations and siderophore-producing Pseudomonads on chlamydospore germination of Fusarium oxysporummPhytopathology759k 1047-1052edessication BSC fungiiD=ref from Cooke and Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulledEldridge, D.J. 1989nThe population dynamics of the perennial chenopod shrub Atriplex vesicaria in semiarid western New South Wales 8 J  "North Ryde, New South Wales Macquarie University 115 MS Thesisr0)Eldridge, D.J. Westoby, M. Holbrook, K.G.\ 1991Soil-surface characteristics, microtopography and proximity to mature shrubs: effects on survival of several cohorts of Atriplex vesicaria seedlingsgyJournal of Ecology78357-3646Eldridge, D.J. 1993Cryptogams, vascular plants, and soil hydrological relations: some preliminary results from the semiarid woodlands of eastern AustraliaGreat Basin Naturalist531o 48-58M2+cyanobacteria, crust, soil erosion, erosioneEldridge, D.J. 1993d]Cryptogam cover and soil surface condition: effects on hydrology on a semiarid woodland soil,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation7203-217ecyanobacteria, crust$Eldridge, D.J. Greene, R.S.B. 1994f_Assessment of sediment yield by splash erosion on a semi-arid soil with varying cryptogam cover"Journal of Arid Environments26221-232B;cryptogams, erosion, rainfall decline, crust, cyanobacteria$Eldridge, D.J. Greene, R.S.B. 1994xqMicrobiotic soil crusts: a review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia*#Australian Journal of Soil Research7323c389-415,|microbiotic crusts, microbiota, cryptogamic crusts, semi-arid rangeland, biological soil crusts, moss, lichen, cyanobacteria$Eldridge, D.J. Bradstock, R.A. 1994tThe effect of time since fire on the cover and composition of cryptogamic soil crusts on a Eucalyptus shrubland soil [ e  Cunnighamian3521-527cyanobacteria, crustEldridge, D.J. 1994RLDistribution of soil lichens in semi-arid rangelands: some food for thought*$Australian Lichenological Newsletter35 10-12$Eldridge, D.J. Greene, R.S.B.l 1994TMThe roles of biological crusts in soil and ecological processes in rangelandsZTWorking Papers of the Eighth Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society June 1995o133-135g>7Eldridge, D.J. Chartres, C.J. Greene, R.S.B. Mott, J.J.b 1995NGManagement of crusting and hardsetting soils under rangeland conditions @9So, H.B. Smith, G.D. Raine, S.R. Schafer, B.M. Loch, R.J.LFCrusting, Sealing and Hardsetting Soils, Productivity and Conservation Brisbane, Australia ("Australian Society of Soil Science381-399 Eldridge, D.J. Tozer, M.E. 1995haDetermining quadrat number for sampling terricolous lichens on heterogeneous semi-arid landscapesw*$Australian Lichenological Newsletter37 35-37rEldridge, D.J. 1996TMDispersal of microphytes by water erosion in an Australian semi-arid woodlandThe Lichenologist28 97-100cyanobacteria, crustEldridge, D.J. 1996xrDistribution and floristics of terricolous lichens in soil crusts in arid and semi-arid New South Wales, Australia"Australian Journal of Botany445581-599acyanobacteria, crustsl Eldridge, D.J. Tozer, M.E. 1996f`Distribution and floristics of bryophytes in soil crusts in semi-arid and arid eastern Australia"Australian Journal of Botany44223-247tPIbryophytes, landscape, arid environment, rangelands, cyanobacteria, crustl <k4ji@Z4 '  zh60Bdel, B. Becker, U. Porembski, S. Barthlott, W. 1997ZSCyanobacteria and cyanobacterial lichens from inselbergs of the Ivory Coast, Africa Botanica Acta 1106 458-465D*$cyanobacteria, biological soil crustBdel, Burkhard 1999PJEcology and diversity of rock-inhabiting cyanobacteria in tropical regionsEur. J. Phycol.34361-370biogenic weathering, CO2 gas exchange, diversity, ecosystem, nitrogen input, tropical terrestrial cyanobacteria, nitrogen, carbon, biological soil crust@NGBdel, Burkhard Meyer, A. Salazars, N. Zellner, H. Zotz, G. Lange, O.L. 2000HAMacrolichens of montane rain forests in Panama, Province Chiriqu\ Lichenologistd326539-551desiccation, lichen, bscBdel, Burkhardr 2001.'Biological soil crusts of South Americai Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management\ Berlin Springer-Verlag 51-55Bdel, Burkhardp 2001LFBiological soil crusts of European temperate and Mediterranean regions Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and ManagementE Berlin Springer-Verlag 75-86rBdel, Burkhardr 2001HABiological soil crusts of Asia including the Don and Volga regiont Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and ManagementE Berlin Springer-Verlagr 87-945$Bdel, Burkhard Lange, Otto L. 2001XRSynopsis: comparative biogeography and ecology of soil-crust biota and communities Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management3 Berlin Springer-Verlagl141-152c Bdel, B.\ 20026/Diversity and ecology of biological soil crustsrProgress in Botany63386-404a(!BSC, endolithic, carbon, nitrogenu*#Cable, Jessica M. Huxman, Travis E.  2004NHPrecipitation pulse size effects on Sonoran Desert soil microbial crusts Oecologiat 141t2c317-3240ngSoil CO2 flux - Gas exchange - Isotope analysis - Keeling plot - Soil respiration, bsc, resource pulses Deserts are characterized by low productivity and substantial unvegetated space, which is often covered by soil microbial crust communities. Microbial crusts are important for nitrogen fixation, soil stabilization and water infiltration, but their role in ecosystem production is not well understood. This study addresses the following questions: what are the CO2 exchange responses of crusts to pulses of water, does the contribution of crusts to ecosystem flux differ from the soil respiratory flux, and is this contribution pulse size dependent? Following water application to crusts and soils, CO2 exchange was measured and respiration was partitioned through mixing model analysis of Keeling plots across treatments. Following small precipitation pulse sizes, crusts contributed 80% of soil-level CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere. However, following a large pulse event, roots and soil microbes contributed nearly 100% of the soil-level flux. Rainfall events in southern Arizona are dominated by small pulse sizes, suggesting that crusts may frequently contribute to ecosystem production. Carbon cycle studies of arid land systems should consider crusts as important contributors because of their dynamic responses to different pulse sizes as compared to the remaining ecosystem components.7 Caddick, M.X. 1993>7Perception and response: phenotypic plasticity in fungig Jennings, D.H. Stress Tolerance of Fungi0 New York Marcek Dekker, Inc.i 13-43fungi, desiccation, bsc ref pulled Caesar, A.J. Pearson, R.C. 1983REnvironmental factors affecting survival of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum:Phytopathology7370 1024-1030edesiccation BSC fungipB;ref from Cooke & Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulled Cain, B.J. 1963LThe morphology, taxonomy, and physiology of certain Chlamydomonas-like algae 4 A   Austin, TX University of TexassPh.D. Dissertation Cain, B.J. 1964PJA preliminary survey of the algal flora of soils of certain areas of TexasSouthwestern Naturalist9166-170<6Caiola, M. Grilli Ocampo-Friedmann, R. Friedmann, E.I. 1993`Cytology of long-term desiccation in the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis (Chroococcales) ? P  Phycologia325315-322cyanobacteria, crust<6Caiola, Maria Grilli Billi, Daniela Friedmann, E. Imre 1996]Effect of desiccation on envelopes of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp (Chroococcales) 9 J $European Journal of Phycology311 97-105cell envelope staining Chroococcidiopsis cyanobacteria extreme environments hypolithic ultrastructure water stress cold deserts matric-water hot sporopollenin proteins strain wall endolithic dessication BSC)2,Cairns, A. Dutch, M.E. Guy, E.M. Stout, J.D. 1978Effect of irrigation with municipal water or sewage effluent on the biology of soil cores. I. Introduction, total microbial populations and respiratory activity(!New Zealand Agricultural Research21 1-10 2  R* Evenson, A.E. 1961B;A preliminary report of the Myxomycetes of Southern Arizona Mycologia13137-144 Eversman, S. 1978@Effects of low-level SO2 on Usnea hirta and Parmelia chlorochroa  @  ' , The Bryologist81368-377 Eversmann, E. 1831F@In lichenem esculentam Pallasii et species consimilis adversariaNova Acta Leopold.15349-358 Eyster, C. 1958^.The micro-element nutrition of Nostoc muscorum  Ohio Journal of Scienceo58 25-33d Eyster, Clyde 1972zINostoc muscorum, its mineral nutrition and its use as a bioassay organismd   Desikachary, T.V..(Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae Madras The Bangalore Press 591Cyanobacteria, crust,&Fa-Chu, Wang Zepu, Zhung Zhangzhen, Hu 1981B;Nitrogen fixation by an edible terrestrial blue-green algae Gibson, A.H. Newton, W.E."0)Current Perspectives in Nitrogen Fixation  Amsterdamn .'Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press 455@Mongolia, Nostoc   Fahselt, DianneS 1981XQSecondary compounds following north-south transplantation of three lichen speciesl Lichenologist 133n253-258lichen, desiccation, bscFahselt, Dianne  1987{Electrophoretic analysis of esterase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme forms in single spore cultures of Cladonia cristatellas g  Lichenologist1911 71-75tbiological soil crust$Fahselt, Dianne Krol, Marianna 1989mBiochemical comparison of two ecologically distinctive forms of Xanthoria elegans in the Canadian High Arctich@Q Lichenologist=212135-145bsc, desiccation, lichenFahselt, Dianne 1992xHGeothermal effects on multiple enzyme forms in the lichen Cladonia mitis :  Lichenologist242181-192("sulfur, CO2, biological soil crust$Fairchild, E.D. Willson, D.L. 1967.'The algal flora of two Washington soilsEcology4860 1053-1055-*$cyanobacteria, biological soil crust.'Falchini, L. Sparvoli, E. Tomaselli, L. 1996YEffect of Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) inoculation on the structure and stability of clay soils    $Biology and Fertility of Soils233 346-352czsoil structure, aggregate stability, soil inoculation, cyanobacteria, Nostoc spp, exopolysaccharides, crusts, infiltration@9Fang, Feng Brezonik, Patrick L. Mulla, D. J. Hatch, L. K.n 2005ZSCharacterization of soil algal bioavailable phosphorus in the Minnesota River Basin.'Soil Science Society of America Journal694 1016-1025 June 2, 2005Soil Sci Soc Am Jnonpoint source pollution cost effectiveness phosphorus pollution erosion load offsetting transaction costs water quality trading BSCSoil algal bioavailable P (ABP) is the P fraction that contributes most directly to eutrophication in freshwaters affected by agricultural nonpoint-source pollution. There are uncertainties regarding the algal bioavailability of P sorbed to calcareous glacial till soils in the upper Midwest. The ABP of soil samples with a broad range of pH and calcium carbonate content from six sites across the Minnesota River Basin (MRB) was measured by algal bioassay, and relationships with various soil physical and chemical properties were studied. For soils of the MRB, a major agricultural watershed in the upper Midwest, ABP was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with Bray P, Mehlich-III P, NaOH P, Oxalate P, and Fe-paper P. Among them, Fe-paper P approximated ABP best, particularly for calcareous soils. For acidic soils, amorphous Fe and Al apparently were the primary P retention agents in soil particles. Soil sorption data were well described by the linearized Langmuir sorption model. Although the P sorption maximum ({Gamma}{infty}) could not be predicted from basic soil physical and chemical properties, the sorption energy constant (b) was highly correlated with soil pH, clay content, and organic matter (OM) content. A P saturation index (PSIs) that uses sorptivity ({Gamma}{infty} x b) as the measure of sorption capacity gave the best estimate of soil ABP among the predictors used in this study. Phosphorus saturated index itself can be approximated by the widely available Bray-P value for soils in the MRB.for Jayne Issue alert emailed author 8-14-05 tk Author sent the wrong paper - emailed asking for right one 8-15-05 tk requested from library 1-18-06 tk PDF on K drive@:http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/4/1016'brezonik@umn.edu Faridi, M. 1961EA monograph of the fresh-water species of Cladophora and Rhizoclonium * 4 9   Lawrence, KS University of KansasPh.D. Dissertation0)Farnsworth, R.B. Romney, E.M. Wallace, A.7 1976B7The lichen as an ecosystem: observation and experiment 0)Brown, D.H. Hawksworth, D.L. Bailey, R.H.*#Lichenology: Progress and Problems New York Academic Press385-406----------/////////////////::::::::111111111111     <<<<<<<<<<<<22222222233333333333333333444444444444444455555555555555555 0& Nicot, J. 1960<6Some characteristics of the microflora in desert sands Parkinson, D. Ward, J.S.:4International Symposium on the Ecology of Soil Fungi Liverpool, U.K. Liverpool University Press 94-97,&biological soil crust, fungi, bacteria4.Nieboer, E. Richardson, D.H.S. Tomassini, F.D. 197882Mineral uptake and release by lichens: an overviewThe Bryologist812226-246  @0,bsc, biological soil crust, bsc bibliography0,bsc, bsc bibliography, biological soil crust0-bsc, bsc bibliography, biological soil crust,82bsc, bsc bibliography, moss, biological soil crustBSC, Cyanobacteria$!BSC, decomposition, soil food webBSC, desiccation bsc, desiccation, chelationbsc, desiccation, lichenBSC, desiccation, moss$!BSC, endolithic, carbon, nitrogenbsc, lichen, desiccation bsc, lichen, moss, soil-plant85bsc, moisture retention, water retention, desiccation BSC, nostocbsc, nutrient cycles bsc, p grantBSC, plant establishmentbsc, protocolsbsc, restoration bsc, water erosion, hydrology$bsc, weathering, cyanobacteria$!bsc, weathering, p grant, oxalateD>bsc, weathering, p grant, polysaccharides, oxalate, endolithiccalcium, calcium oxalate, calcium regulation, calcium toxicity, Gilbertella persicaria, Mucocorales, Zygomycetes, fungi, desiccation, BSC California CalothrixpjCalothrix, Microcoleus, Phormidium, Scytonema, cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation, soil crusts, soil erosioncanonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, micro-alga, Ontario, rock alga, terrestrial alga, biological soil crust, bscCanyonlands National Park capacity capsulecapsule/C/N metabolism/Cyanobacteria/diazotrophy/EPS/EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION/MACROMOLECULAR-SYNTHESIS/CYANOBACTERIAL CELL/LIGHT-INTENSITY/NITROGEN/STRAINS/BIOSYNTHESIS/CULTURES/MARINE/GROWTHcarbohydrate polymers, Cyanobacteria, desert algal crust, Desmococcus olivaceus, extracellular polymeric substances, Microcoleus vaginatus, Nostoc sp., Phormidium tenue, Scytonema javanicum, viscosity, BSC, Cyanobacteria, green algae, polysaccharides carbon$carbon concentrating mechanismcarbon dioxideCarbon dioxide (diffusion and carboxylation resistance), helox, lichen, photosynthesis (lichen), water content (lichens), bsc, desiccation,&Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanismcarbon fixation Carbon fluxes carbon isotope discrimination,'carbon, nitrogen, biological soil crustd^carbonates, Restoration, glomalin, hyphae, microsite, semi-arid steppe, Stipa tenacissima, BSCcarbonic anhydrase carboxysomes Caribbeancarotenoids, Chlorophyll fluorescence, desiccation, dithiothreitol, lichens, photoinhibition, photoprotection, photosynthesis, water deficit, xanthophyll cycle, bsc, desiccationcatalase, ascorbate catechol cationsXUCd, glutathione, oxidative stress, moss, bsc, bsc bibliography, biological soil crustCEC, Phosphoruscellcell envelope staining cell membranecell surface, extracellular, phosphorylase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, pulse, cyanobacteria, lichen, hair, rivulariaceae, bsc, p grant cell volume cell wallcell-membranesTOcephalodia, lichen, cyanobacteria, Peltigera aphthosa, Nostoc, bsc, desiccationCeratodon purpureusxucesium-137, Chihuahuan Desert, soil redistribution, mesquite, grassland, BSC, soil erosion, dust, wind, water erosioncesium-137, Chihuahuan Desert, soil redistribution, mesquite, grassland, BSC, soil erosion, dust, wind, water erosion, protocols, BSC L Belnap, Jaynet 1992`ZCharacteristics of cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts in long-term saguaro monitoring plots 0*Stone, Charles P. Bellantoni, Elizabeth S.LEProceedings of the Symposium on Research in Saguaro National Monument Tucson, Arizona \VNational Park Service, Rincon Institute, and Southwest Parks and Monuments Association259-26223-24 January 1991 Belnap, Jayne 1993RLRecovery rates of cryptobiotic crusts: inoculant use and assessment methodsGreat Basin Naturalist531c 89-95gcyanobacteria, soil algae, cryptobiotic crusts, cryptogamic crusts, recovery, disturbance, reclamation, inoculation, Microcoleus vaginatus, crusts u  DRecovery rates of cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts from disturbance were examined. Plots were either undisturbed or scalped, and scalped plots were either inoculated with surrounding biological crust material or left to recover naturally. Natural recovery rates were found to be very slow. Inoculation significantly hastened recovery for the cyanobacterial/green algal component, lichen cover, lichen species richness, and moss cover. Even with inoculation, however, lichen and moss recovery was minimal. Traditional techniques of assessing recovery visually were found to underestimate time for total recovery. Other techniques, such as extraction of chlorophyll a from surface soil and measurement of sheath material accumulation, were used and are discussed.   $Belnap, Jayne Gardner, John S. 1993kSoil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau: the role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatusVGreat Basin Naturalist531 40-47HAcyanobacteria, biological soil crusts, soil, soil microstructure,l82Belnap, Jayne Harper, Kimball T. Warren, Steven D. 1994~xSurface disturbance of cryptobiotic soil crusts: nitrogenase activity, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll degradation,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation8 1-80 Belnap, J. 1994HACryptobiotic soil crusts: basis for arid land restoration (Utah)h& Restoration and Management Notes121 85-868 Belnap, Jayne 1995HASurface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification.'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment37 39-57cyanobacteria, crust& Belnap, Jayne Harper, Kimball T. 1995d^Influence of cryptobiotic soil crusts on elemental content of tissue of two desert seed plants,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation9107-115pcyanobacteria, crust Belnap, Jayne 1996vpSoil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts$Biology and Fertility of Soils23362-367cryptobiotic, cryptogamic, microphytic, microbiotic, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, Microcoleus vaginatus, Collema tenax, heterocysts, acetylene reduction assay, ARA, cyanobacteria, crust Belnap, J. Gillette, D.A.  1997~xDisturbance of biological soil crusts: impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in southeastern Utah& Land Degradation and Development8355-362xqfriction threshold velocity, soil loss, cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, cryptobiotic, cyanobacteria, cruste"belnap and gillette reviews&Belnap, Jayne Gillette, Dale A.s 1998Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance"Journal of Arid Environments39133-142cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, cyanobacteria, lichens, soil loss, wind erosion, land degradation, biological soil crustd"belnap and gillette reviewsFEDCBA@?n>x=<;:98~7|6543210 Fogg, G.E. 1952RKThe production of extracellular nitrogenous substances by a blue-green algaL0*Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 139372-397$Series B. Biological Sciencescyanobacteria, crust Fogg, G.E. 19564-Nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic organisms(!Annual Review of Plant Physiology7 51-70+ Fogg, G.E. Miller, J.D.A.o 1958ZThe effect of organic substances on the growth of the freshwater alga Monodus subterraneus F  Verh. Intern. Ver. Limnol.13892-895 Fogg, G.E. 1962Nitrogen fixationo  Lewin, R.A.A*$Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae New York Academic Press161-1707 Fogg, G.E. 1966*#The extracellular products of algae2,Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Revue4195-212Fogg, G.E. Pattnaik, H. 1967RThe release of extracellular nitrogenous products by Westiellopsis prolifica Janet 5 L  Phykos5o 58-67 Fogg, G.E. Stewart, W.D.P. 1968JDIn situ determinations of biological nitrogen fixation in Antarctica(!British Antarctic Survey Bulletin15 39-46cyanobacteria, crustFogg, G. 19690*Survival of algae under adverse conditionsSymp. Soc. Exp. Biol.23123-14246/Fogg, G.E. Stewart, W.D.P. Fay, P. 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Ges.79453-4626$Follmann, Gerhard Redon, Jorge 1972ZTErganzungen zur flechtenflora der nordchilenischen nebeloasen fray jorge und talinay Willdenowia63431-459<5biological soil crust, lichen flora of northern Chiler"see article for accent marks:4Forest, Herman S. Willson, Dan L. England, Robert B. 1959LFAlgal establishment on sterilized soil replaced in an Oklahoma prairieEcology403475-477 Cyanobacteriai,%Forest, H.S. Chance, H.L. Davis, M.M.  1959\VThe application of bacterial cytological technique to the taxonomy of blue-green algaeRevue Algologique4170-180Forest, Herman S. 1962*$Analysis of the soil algal community82Transactions of the American Microscopical Society81189-198 cyanobacteria, soil crustc,%Forest, H.S. Miller, C.S. Ragen, C.E.c 1963<5Interrelation of three algae in prairie soil culturesEcology44165-167 Forest, H.S. 1965:3The soil algal community. II. Soviet soil studiesrJournal of Phycology1164-171$Forest, Herman S. Weston, C.R. 1966@:Blue-green algae from the Atacama desert of northern ChileJournal of Phycology2163-164 cyanobacteria, soil crust o: v U Y h [ 2(!Ramchander Rao, K.S. Jadhaw, M.J. 1997TNIsolation of microalgae from the dust obtained from indoor and outdoor sources  Agashe, S.N.0)Aerobiology: 5th International Conferencez  Bangalorez Science Publishers 49-585$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriae ref pulled Ramsay, H.P. Berrie, G.K. 1982&Sex determination in bryophytesu2+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory52255-274oput in Crust BiblionRamsay, A.J. Ball, K.T. 1983bEstimation of algae in New Zealand pasture and litter by culturing and by chlorophyll a extraction V W $New Zealand Journal of Science26493-5030 Ramsey, H.P. 1984& Census of New South Wales mossesTelopea2455-534 Ramsey, R.D. Ridd, M.K. 1985PJThe effects of shadow on spectral response in a semiarid shrub environment 0)US Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories495CRSC Final Report 85-4& Ramsing, N.B. 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Burns, R.G. 1990^WUse of blue-green algae and bryophyte biomass as a source of nitrogen for oil-seed rape$Biology and Fertility of Soils10 61-64cyanobacteria, crust$Rapoport, E.H. Tagliaube, A.S. 1964ngEnsayo sobre la aplicacin de algas como fertilizantes y su efecto sobre la micro y mesofauna del suelofRevista Invest. Agropecu1133-144e"Rapport, D.J. Whitford, W.G. 1999VOHow ecosystems respond to stress. Common properties of arid and aquatic systems BioScience493w193-203 2,Rascher, U. Lakatos, M. Bdel, B. Lttge, U. 2003d^Photosynthetic field capacity of cyanobacteria of a tropical inselberg of the Guiana Highlands38247-256,biological crust, chlorophyll a fluorescence, cyanobacterial communities, French Guina, Gloeocapsa, inselberg, light reaction, Photosynthesis, quantum yield, Scytonema, Stigonema, BSC6/Rast, D.M. Stssi, H. Hegnauer, H. Nyhln, L.E.u 1981Melanins Turian, G. Hohl, H.R..(The Fungal Spore: Morphogenetic Controls London Academic Press507-531dessication BSC fungi VPref from Cooke, R.C. and Whipps, J.M., 1993, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulledRastorfer, J.R. 1962JCPhotosynthesis and respiration in moss sporophytes and gametophytes.Phyton (Buenos Aires) 192169-177put in Crust biblio0)Rauatt, J.W. Katznelson, H. Payne, T.M.B. 196060Statistical evaluation of the rhizosphere effect2+Soil Science Society of America Proceedings24271-273 _@;cyanobacteria, weathering, limestone, biological soil crust|xcyanobacteria/grazers/life cycle/protozoa/resistance/CYANOBACTERIA/NASSULA/FURGASONIA, BSC, cyanobacteria, soil food webcyanobacterial mats Cyanobacterial soil crusts cyanobacterial stabilizationcyanobacterium CyanolichensCyanolichens, blue-green algae, green algae, hydration, turgidity, lichens, water relations, water vapor uptake, desiccation, bsc CYANOPHYCEAE Cyanophyta$!CYANOPHYTE SYNECHOCYSTIS PCC-6714cytoplasmic membrane D1 PROTEIN D1-proteinD30daily production Daphniadeception islanddecomposing seaweeddecomposing seaweeds decomposition$!decomposition, BSC, soil food webdecomposition, fungal grazers, microbial-faunal interactions, nematode nitrogen losses, nutrient cycling, plant nitrogen uptake, rhizosphere, fungi, desiccation, BSC dehydration|ydehydration stress, desiccation tolerance, late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins, osmolytes, ABA responsiveness, BSCPLdelta 15N, belize, cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation, wetlands, nitrogen, bsc,'denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis desertDesert Algal crust, cyanobacteria, Microcoleus vaginatus, exogenous carbohydrates, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, salt stress, osmotic regulation, biological soil crust, BSC, Cyanobacteriadesert algal crust, Cyanobacteria, Microcoleus vaginatus, exogenous carbohydrates, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, salt stress, osmotic regulation, BSCdesert annuals desert crustsDesert hydrology, desert shrublands, ecosystem services, microphytic crusts, runoff and sediment production, soil crust controls on ecosystem processes, source-link relationships, water harvesting, BSC, infiltrationdesertificationheDesertification, undergrazing, vegetation degradation, remote sensing, biogenic soil crust, BSC, moss desiccationdesiccation tolerancedesiccation tolerance, bryophytes, pteridophytes, resurrection plants, ectohydry and endohydry, water stress, poikilochlorophylly, adaptive strategies, biological soil crust, moss, lichendesiccation, bscdesiccation, bsc, lichen<8Desiccation, drought, lichen, light, photosynthesis, bscdesiccation, lichen, bsc dessication devon-islandD@dew, fog, microbiotic crust, cyanobacteria, mosses, Negev Desert digestibilityDiploschistes diacapsis dispersal dispro dissipationdissolved organic carbon distribution disturbancextdisturbance, exotic, Fabaceae, fire, invasion resistance, recruitment limitation, Sarothamnus, biological soil crustdisturbance, recovery, arid lands, soil compaction, biological soil crusts, military training, Yuma Proving Ground, cyanobacteria, biological soil crust DIVERSITYDNA DNA damageDOEDrosophila buzzatii, Drosophila melanogaster, Hsp70, inbreeding, protein, conformation, temperature stress, BSC, lichen, desiccationdrought stress DRY VALLEYS DryopterisdustDWARF SHRUB HEATH dynamicsdynamics, feather mosses, fire, lichens, Northwest Territories, Canada, ordination, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, subarctic, succession ,vegetation organization, lichen, desiccation, bscecological genomicsEcological restoration ecology ecophysiologyecosystem engineeringecosystem N budgetecosystem properties ECOSYSTEMSEdaphic specialist edge speciesELECTRON-TRANSPORTELEMENTAL COMPOSITION elevated co2 Elymus Emergence endemism endolithic endolithsEndophytic fungienergy transferenvelope structureenvironmental explanationHCenvironmental factors, N2 fixing cyanobacteria, population dynamicsenvironmental-conditionsenzyme applicationEPS erosionpkerosion, microphytes, patchiness, surface runoff, overland flow, biological soil crusts, cyanobacteria, BSC60(8Pv~ $}Fry, E. Jennie 1927rkThe mechanical action of crustaceous lichens on substrata of shale, schist, gneiss, limestone, and obsidianAnnals of Botany XLI CLXIII435-460tcyanobacteria, crustFu, F.-X. Bell, P.R.F. 2003wEffect of salinity on growth, pigmentation, N2 fixation and alkaline phosphatase activity of cultured Trichodesmium sp.- @/ft$Marine Ecology Progress Series 257 69-76b[Trichodesmium sp., salinity, N2 fixation, alkaline phosphatase activity, Cyanobacteria, BSC Fukushima, H. 1959lfGeneral reports on the fauna and flora of the Ongul Island, Antarctica, especially on freshwater algae& Journal of Yokohama Munic. Univ. Ser. C-31 112- 1-10 Fuller, W.H. Rogers, R.N. 1952XRUtilization of the phosphorus of algal cells as measured by the Neubauer technique Soil Science74417-4304.Fuller, W.H. Cameron, R.E. Raica Jr., Nicholas 19604-Fixation of nitrogen in desert soils by algae0*7th International Congress of Soil Science Madison, Wisconsin ,%International Society of Soil Science III 617-624eAugust 19, 1960iF?Working Papers of Seventh Cong. Intern, Society of Soil Sciencecyanobacteria, crust Fuller, W.H. 1974 Desert soils Brown, Jr., G.W.Desert Biology New York Academic PressII 31-101 Fuller, W.H. 1991"Organic matter applications  Skujins, J.@:Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation New York Marcel Dekker, Inc.507-5414 Furch, B. 1981.'Spore germination: heat mediated events3 Turian, G. Hohl, H.R.\.(The Fungal Spore: Morphogenetic Controls London Academic Press413-433ddessication BSC fungi[ ref pulled"Gabbay-Azaria, R. Tel-Or, E. 19934.Merchanisms of salt tolerance in cyanobacteria Gresshoff, P.M.("Plant Responses to the Environment Boca Raton, FL  CRC Press123-132rdessication BSC4-Gadd, G.M. Chudek, J.A. Foster, R. Reed, R.H.m 1984{The osmotic responses of Penicillium ochro-chloron: changes in internal solute levels in response to copper and salt stresse2&Journal of General Microbiology  130c 1969-1975adessication BSC fungiD=ref from Cooke and Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulled Gadd, G.M. 1999ztFungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation, physiology and biogeochemical processes& Advances in Microbial Physiology41 47-92fungi, desiccation, bsc Gadkari, D. 1988Effect of some photosynthetic inhibiting herbicides on growth and nitrogenase activity of a new isolate of cyanobacteria Nostoc G3 y  $Journal of Basic Microbiologyl28419-426Mcyanobacteria, crustGael, A.G. Shtina, E.A.A 1974F?Algae in sands of arid regions and their role in soil formationo Pochvovedenie 1974 67-757,%Gael, A.G. Shtina, E.A. Petrova, N.I.. 1980^WThe Minusinsk pine forests Russian-SFSR USSR and the distribution of soil algae in theme Biol. Nauki.3 86-959,%Gallon, J.R. LaRue, T.A. Kurz, W.G.W.o 1972pCharacteristics of nitrogenase activity in broken cell preparations of the blue-green alga Gloeocapsa sp. LB 795 [ e & Canadian Journal of Microbiology18327-332t Gallon, J.R. 1978\+Calcium and nitrogen fixation by Gloeocapsao ! Ecological Bulletin26 60-68cyanobacteria, crust2+Gallon, J.R. Mullineaux, P.M. Chaplin, A.E. 1981VProtection of Gloecapsa nitrogenase from oxygen: studies in the light and in the dark    Gibson, A.H. Newton, W.E.E0)Current Perspectives in Nitrogen Fixationo  Amsterdama .'Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Presss 4494cyanobacteria, crust Gallon, J.R. Chaplin, A.E. 1987*$An Introduction to Nitrogen Fixation*$An Introduction to Nitrogen Fixation London Cassells 38-64 only$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria Gallon, J.R. Chaplin, A.E. 1988Nitrogen fixationi Rogers, L.J. Gallon, J.R.)2+Biochemistry of the Algae and Cyanobacteria1 Oxford Clarendon Press.150-173 *$Photosynthesis, cyanobacteria, crust<6Gallon, John R. Pederson, Dennis M. Smith, Geoffrey D. 1993The effect of temperature on the sensitivity of nitrogenase to oxygen in the cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica (Lemmermann) adn Gloeothece (Ngeli)s [ o   New Phytologist 124251-257Ncyanobacteria, crust, Anabaena, Gloeothece, nitrogenase, oxygen, thermal shock     *  Gallon, J.R. 2001CN2 fixation in phototrophs: Adaptation to a specialized way of lifeo @Plant and Soil 230o 39-48.f`ATP and reductant cyanobacteria nitrogen fixation oxygen photosynthetic bacteria phototrophs BSCGalloway, R.W. 1983RLNatural and anthropogenic erosion and their relative impact in the arid zone Messer, J. Mosley, G.-.'What Future for Australia's Arid Lands?s ("Australian Conservation Foundation 45-464Galloway, D.J. 19922+Biodiversity: a lichenological perspectivev$Biodiversity and Conservation1312-3232Galloway, D.J. 1992|uLichens of Laguna San Rafael, Parque Nacional 'Laguna San Rafael' southern Chile: indicators of environmental changea.'Global Ecology and Biogeography Lettersr2 37-454Z~ -(% $ (!Galloway, David J. Aptroot, Andr 1995 Bipolar lichens: a reviewCryptogamic Botany5o184-191lichen, desiccation, bscGalun, M. Reichert, I. 1960&A study of lichens of the Negeve4.The Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel9D127-1484Galun, Margalith 1963RLAutecological and synecological observations on lichens of the Negev, IsraelIsrael Journal of Botany12179-187ybiological soil crust Galun, M. 196682Additions to the lichen flora of the Negev, IsraelIsrael Journal of Botany15144-149 Galun, M. 1967l'A new species of Catillaria from Israel    Lichenologist37423-424e(!Galun, M. Paran, N. Ben-Shaul, Y.v 1970|An ultrastructural study of the fungus-alga association in Lecanora radiosa growing under different environmental conditions ; K Journal of Microsc.9t801-806(!Galun, M. Paran, N. Ben-Shaul, Y.. 1970LFThe fungus-alga association in Lecanoraceae. An ultrastructural studyNew Phytologist69599-603RGalun, M. Marton, K. 1970RA new species of Gonhymenia from the Sinai Peninsula and its position in the genus   The Bryologist73378-3808Galun, M. Garty, Y.. 1972("Lichens of North and Central SinaiIsrael Journal of Botany21243-254& Galun, M. Burbrick, P. Garty, J. 1982JCStructural and metabolic diversity of two desert lichen populationsr2+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratoryp53321-324 2+Galun, Margalith Bubrick, P. Frensdorff, A. 19840)Initial stages in fungus-alga interaction Lichenologist162103-110cyanobacteria, crustGalun, Margalith 1988Carbon metabolismR Galun, MargalithHandbook of Lichenologyd Boca Raton, FL  CRC PressdIA III197-200Idesiccation, bsc, lichen*#Galun, Margalith Shomer-Ilan, Adivag 1988"Secondary metabolic products  Galun, M.Handbook of Lichenologyc Boca Raton, FL  CRC Pressa IIIa III 3-8olichen, desiccation, bsc82ref from Table of Contents of Volume I; ref pulled Galun, M. 1988,%Effects of symbiosis on the mycobionts  Galun, M.Handbook of LichenologyM Boca Raton, FL  CRC PressLII145-151dlichen, desiccation, bsc ref pulled Galun, M. 1988 Lichenization  Galun, M.Handbook of Lichenology Boca Raton, FL  CRC PressII153-169lichen, desiccation, bsc ref pulled$Galun, Margalith Garty, Jacob 20010)Biological soil crusts of the Middle East Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management Berlin Springer-Verlagg 95-106Gams, H. 1938@:ber einige flechtenreiche Trockenrasen MitteldeutschlandsHercynia Bd. 1t H. 2"Gangawane, L.V. Saler, R.S. 1979JDTolerances of certain fungicides by nitrogen-fixing blue-green algaeCurrent Science48306-308 Gantar, M.F. 1986F@Effect of Nostoc species on the growth of heterotrophic bacteriaMicrobios Letters31 79-85rbacteria82Gantar, M. Rowell, P. Kerby, N.W. Sutherland, I.W. 1995rRole of extracellular polysaccharide in the colonization of wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) by N2-fixing cyanobacteria C S \ @] $Biology and Fertility of Soils19 41-484B;Gantar, M. Kerby, N.W. Rowell, P. Obreht, Z. Scrimgeour, C.7 1995@Colonization of wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) by N2-fixing cyanobacteria: IV. Dark nitrogenase activity and effects of cyanobacteria on natural 15N abundance in the plantst  ' 0 @1    New Phytologists 1292337-3434B ( George2000 George20020  Gerasimenko2003  Gerasimenko2003{ Gerdemann1980 Gerdes19991 Gerdol20042 ] Gereta19999 Gerits19879 Gerloff1950^ Gerloff1954 / Gerloff1955r Gerrath1997 Gerrath1999 Gerrath1999 | Gerson1973 Gerson19761 Gerson19761  Gerson1977 f Gerson1982 a Gerwick1993 z Geyger19700Ghabbour198052Ghabbour1980Ghabbour1985 Ghaffar1974Ghannoum1989 } Gherna1978 Ghose1923 Gianinazzi1989sGianinazzi-Pearson1989 Gibson19751 Gibson19773 Gibson1983 Gibson19929" Giddens1975 Giddens1982 Gierasimow1973  Gifford1972 Gifford1972X Gifford1973 Gifford1973 Gifford1980 Gifford1981 Gifford1983 Gildon1983Gillette19930 Gillette19939 Gillette19959Gillette1997nGillette1998n Gillieson1994 Gillieson1996 c Gimeno19989 d Gimeno19989  Gimingham1970 Gimmler20016 Gimmler2001Giordani19969  Giovannetti1993 Giovannoni19883 Giri20050  Gisladottir2001 Gistl1932 Gistl1933Gladders1980 Glade1914 Gladoch1975Glaesser19976 Glazovskaya1952 Glibert1998  Glime1984 EGnassia-Barelli1980F Gochenaur1981t Gochenaur1984 Gochenaur1987 4 Goebel2003 Goffinet2001# Gogotov1990j Gokhman1999 Goksoyr1996 Gold1995y Gold1998 Gold19999 Golden19959 Golden19999 Goldsmith1925 Goldstein1992U Goldstern1985 Golecki1982 Golecki1986 Gollerbach1958  Gollerbakh1953 Gollerbakh1956 Gollerbakh1969 Golterman1974  Golubic1976 Golubic1978  Golubic1979 Golubic1980 Golubic1985 Golubic1989 Golubic1991 Golubkova1977 Golubkova1981 Golubkova1983 Golubkova1994 Gombos19865 Gombos1999 Gomont18929Gonzalez19954 Gonzalez del Tanago1995 Gonzalves1949 Gonzalves1949 Gonzalves1949 Gonzalves1960 Gooday1981 Goode1992 j Goodin20000 . Goodin20020>Goossens199213 Gorbushina1999S Gorbushina2000| Gorbushina2003 Gorham19472$ Gorin1988 }Gorlenko19787 Goryunova1955 Goryunova1964 . Gottesman1989 Gottesman1992 Goudie19726 Gough1977 Goward19956 Goyal1995= Grace1976 S Grace1998Graebner18954 Graetz19829 Graetz19844 Graetz19869V Graham1992 Graham20000Granhall19694Granhall19706Granhall19736Granhall19747Granhall19756Granhall19766Granhall19816 Granick1954 Granot19877 Grant1973_ Grant1990 Gray19671  Gray1992 Green1948 , Green1971 Green1977 Green1980 Green1980 V Green1981; Green1981< Green19812 Green1982  Green1984 Green1986 Green1988B Green1991 Green1992 Green1993 Green1994 Green1994 Green1996 Green1997 O Green1997 P Green1997 Green1997 N Green1998 M Green1999  Green2001 Green2001 Green2003 Green2004 Green2005 Green2005 ' Greenberg1963  Greene1960 Greene19638 Greene1970 Greene1971 Greene19873 Greene19888 Greene19897 Greene19909 + Greene1992 Greene19949 Greene19949 Greene19949 Greene1994a Greene1994 Greene19959  Greene1998  Greenfield1992 Greenwood1972 Gregory1966 Gregory1969 Greitser19979 Gremmen1997 R Gretarsdottir2004 Griffiths1964 Griffiths1972 Griffiths1987~ Griffiths1993r Griffiths1994 Griffiths1995 R Griffiths1996 @ Griggs19338\ Grilli Caiola1992  Grilli Caiola1993  Grime1989 Grimm1997  Grimm1997 Grimm2002 Grintzesco19291 Grintzesco19321  Grodzinski1981 Groffman19964 Groffman19964 Groffman1996 Groffman19977 Groffman1999 Gromov19572 Gromov19642 Grondin1993 Grondin1995 Grootjans2004 Groover1968 Groover1969 Groover1969 s Grossberger1984[ Grossi1985Grossman1993 Grover19814 Gruia1970 Gruia1970 Gruia1971 Gruia1973  Grundmann2003 Gu19848 Guarreara1970_ Gudder19951 Gue1992 7Guenther20020 6Guenther20044VGuerrero19865Guerrero19955 Guerrero19988 \Guerrero-Campo1999  Guezennec2001  Guezennec2001  Guezennec2001 oGugg-Helminger2002 Guglielmi1991 Guglielmin2004 $ Gunner19701 Gunther1989  Gupta1955  Gupta1964  Gupta1974 Gupta1976 h Gupta1977 i Gupta1977 Gupta1980  Gupta1985 Gupta1991w Gupta1992J Gutnick1994  Gutterman1997  Gutterman1997 D Gutterman1997o Gutterman1998  Gutterman1999  Gutterman2001 Gutterman2003l Guy1978r Guyon1985 Gwyn1996r Habti1980 Hacker19869 Hacker19879d Hader1991[ Hader1995Hadfield19607 Hadley19811  Hageman1990Hagemann19966Hagemann1997kHagemann1999 Hagen1996 Hahn19921 Hahn19922 L Hahn19988e Haibach1985s Haines19233 Hale19671 Hale19731 Hale1974 Hale19741 Hale19791 Halfpenny1970 Hall197071 Hall19859Q Hall19868v Hall20052 Hall-Beyer1996  Hallbauer1974C Hallbauer1977 Hallet19811 = Hallingbck1991  Halvorson2002X Hamad-Fares1978 Hamad-Fares1978 Hamad-Fares1978 Hamad-Fares1978 Hamad-Fares1978mad-Fares1978Hamad-Fares1978mad-Fares1978 Griffiths1987~ Griffiths1993r Griffiths1994 Griffiths1995R  Griffiths1996@ Griggs19338 Grimm1997 Grimm1997 Grintzesco19291 Grintzesco19321 Groffman19964 Groffman19964 Groffman19977 Gromov19572 Gromov19642 Grondin1993 Grondin1995 Groover1968 Groover1969 Groover1969s  Grossberger1984 Grover19814 Gruia1970 Gruia1970 Gruia1971 Gruia1973 Gug Guarreara1970_ Gudder19951 Gue1992VGuerrero19865Guerrero19955 Gunther1989  Gupta1955  Gupta1964  Gupta1974 Gupta1976  Gupta1980  Gupta1985 Gupta1991w Gupta1992J Gutnick1994  Gutterman1997  Gutterman1997  Gutterman1997o Gutterman1998l Guy1978r Guyon1985 Gwyn1996r Habti1980 Hacker19869 Hacker19879d Hader1991[ Hader1995Hadfield19607 Hadley19811Hagemann19966 Hagen1996 Hahn19921 Hahn19922e Haibach1985s Haines19233 Hale19671 Hale19731 Hale1974 Hale19741 Hale19791 Halfpenny19701Hallr Hall19707Q Hall19868 Hall-Beyer1996  Hallet19811X Hamad-Fares1978  (5TNbiological crusts, soil lichens, sand stabilization, combating desertification biological nitrogen-fixationbiological soil crustbiological soil crust, bryophyte, cryptogamic crust, desert, haploid dioecy, ramet, sex expression, sex ratio, sporophyte, moss, bsc biological soil crust, bsc(%biological soil crust, BSC, protocols`Zbiological soil crust, cyanobacteria, endolithic, weathering, calcium, carbonate formation<6biological soil crust, cyanobacteria, green algae, BSC,'biological soil crust, desiccation, BSC("biological soil crust, germination(#biological soil crust, lichen, moss82biological soil crust, lichen, moss, cyanobacteria$biological soil crust, lichens biological soil crust, mossPJbiological soil crust, moss, lichen, cyanobacteria, seedling establishment|wbiological soil crust, N2 fixation, soil C and N cycling, elevated CO2, invasive species, desert soil, nitrogenase, BSC\Ybiological soil crust, rhizosphere, nutrient cycles, nitrogen, carbon, Soil food web, BSC@Sinha, Rajeshwar P. Kumar, Har D. Kumar, Ashok Hder, Donat-P. 1995tnEffects of UV-B irradiation on growth, survival, pigmentation and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in cyanobacteriaActa Protozoologica834187-192gZAnabaena, glutamine synthetase, nitrate reductase, Nostoc, Scytonema,ultraviolet radiation3E Sirois, Luc Payette, Serge 1991haReduced postfire tree regeneration along a borel forest-forest-tundra transect in northern QuebecfEcologyn722A619-627P&biological soil crust, recoveryiSivasithamparam, K.i 1970pjSome effects of an insecticide (Duroban) and a weed killer (Linuron) on the microflora of a submerged soil Riso19339-346 Skarpe, C. Henriksson, E.t 1987tnNitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial crusts and by associative-symbiotic bacteria in western Kalahari, Botswana,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitations1l 55-59& Skarpe, Christina Henriksson, E. 1987~xResearch note-Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial crust and associative-symbiotic bacteria in western Kalahari, Botswana,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation1 55-59 BSC Skinner, C.E. Gardner, C.  1930The utilization of nitrogenous organic compounds and sodium salts of organic acids by certain soil algae in darkness and in the light,Journal of Bacteriologyy19161-179g Skinner, C.E. 1932NHIsolation of green algae in pure culture from soil by a simple techniquePlant Physiology7i533-537 Skinner, C.E. 19326/The soil as a habitat for growth of green algaeo Soil Science34 25-28h$Skipnes, O. Roald, T. Haug, A. 19752+Uptake of zinc and strontium by brown algae\Physiologia Plantarumy34314-320d$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriajdref from Brown and Beckett, 1984, in Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology, D.H. Brown, ed.; ref pulledSkoog, F. Gerloff, G.C. 19552+Nutrition and physioloy of blue-green algaeReport Prog. Pro62071(C5) 1-480*Skotnicki, M.L. Ninham, J.A. Selkirk, P.M. 1998cHigh levels of RAPD diversity in the moss Bryum argenteum in Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica*9 Bryologist 101 31412-421uput in Crust biblio8  Skujins, J. 1972(!Nitrogen dynamics in desert soilsl  Logan, UT Utah State UniversityUS/IBP Desert Biome Research Memorandum 72-404 Skujins, J. West, N.E. 1974LFNitrogen dynamics in stands dominated by some major cold desert shrubs  Logan, UT Utah State UniversityUS/IBP Desert Biomef Research Memorandum 74-424  Skujins, J. 1975^WSoil microbiological and biochemical investigations. III. Tunisian Presaharan Project  Logan, UT Utah State University 1974("Annual Report, US/IBP Desert BiomeSkujins, J. Klubek, B. 1978\VNitrogen fixation and denitrification in arid soil cryptogamic crust microenvironments Krumbein, W.E.81Environmental Biogeochemistry and Geomicrobiologyc Ann Arbor, Michiganl "Ann Arbor Science Publishers,%Volume 2, The Terrestrial Environment543-552ecyanobacteria, crustSkujins, J. Klubek, B. 1978^WNitrogen fixation and cycling by blue-green algae-lichen-crusts in arid rangeland soilsEcological Bulletin26164-171cyanobacteria, crust*$Skujins, J.J. Fulgham, Trujillo y P. 1978.(Nitrification in Great Basin desert soil Skujins, J.J. West, N.K.$Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystemsr Stroudsburg, PA "Dowden, Hutchinson and Rosss 60-747 Skujins, J. 1981*#Nitrogen cycling in arid ecosystemssEcological Bulletin33477-491  Z     (<6Zancan, Santina Trevisan, Renata Paoletti, Maurizio G. 2006TMSoil algae composition under different agro-ecosystems in North-Eastern Italy*$Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 112i1o 1-12 JanAgric. Ecosyst. Environ.CCC:000234606600001agro-ecosystems bioindicators cyanobacteria rural environments soil-algae green-algae areas bioindicators productivity communities succession ecology florida land BSC Soil algae can perform important services for agro-ecosystems and functions as a bioindicator for soil quality. Communities of topsoil algae were studied (species composition and counts) in four different agro-ecosystems in relation to different land uses, including tillage. The chosen agro-ecosystems were an intensively-cultivated corn (Zea mays L.) field, a vineyard, a pasture and a field abandoned for 12 years. In all, 92 algal species were identified in the different ecosystems, which were sampled twice (March and May). In 2001 the main algal species were Cyanophyceae, Chlamydophyceae, and Chlorophyceae. The greatest species richness of algal species was recorded in the pasture, followed by the abandoned field, the corn field and the vineyard. Using a dilution method on solid media to count the algae enabled the distinction and separate quantification of cyanophytes, diatoms and greenish algae (cholorophytes (CH) + xanthophytes (X) + eustigmatophytes (E)). This last group of greenish algae dominated at all four sites, together with cyanophytes in the pasture and the abandoned field, whereas cyanophytes were almost absent in the vineyard. The highest mean abundance of algal cells in the 0-2 cm, soil layer was found in the abandoned field and in the pasture, while it was lower in the corn field and in the vineyard. The undisturbed sites (abandoned field and, to some extent, pasture) were also characterised by a greater diversity of algae. Disturbance (tillage and use of pesticides) seemed to have a strong effect on both the composition and the density of the algal communities. Cyanophytes (Calothrix sp., Cylindrospermum sp., Pseudoanabaena sp., Scytonema sp. and Thricormus sp.) seemed to be particularly sensitive to disturbance. Heavy metals residues in the soil, especially Cu (linked to fungicide sprays, used particularly in vineyards), may be a factor affecting the abundance of cyanobacteria. It would be reasonable to conclude that the structure of soil algal communities is affected more by soil use rather than by physico-chemical soil parameters. Cyanobacteria showed the most evident response in the different agro-ecosystems, and therefore seem to be the most suitable group to consider as a soil bioindicator of land use. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.>8English Article AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON 002JB PDF on K drive$://000234606600001'Univ Padua, Dipartimento Biol, I-35121 Padua, Italy; Univ Padua, Dipartimento Biotecnol Agr, I-35020 Legnaro, Pd, Italy TREVISAN, R, UNIV PADUA, DIPARTIMENTO BIOL, VIA U BASSI 58-B, I-35121 PADUA, ITALY renata.trevisan@unipd.it Zander, R.H. 1979LFPatterns of sporophyte maturation dates in the Pottiaceae (Bryopsida) Bryologist8243538-558uput in Crust Biblioi Zander, R.H. 1993>7Genera of the Pottiaceae: mosses of harsh environments:3Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciencesu32 1-378.(Zander, R.H. Stark, L.R. Marrs-Smith, G. 1995QDidymoden nevadensis, a new species for North America, with comments on phenology  The Bryologist98590-5955*$Zargar, Mohd. Yousuf Dar, Gh. Hassan 1990ZTEffect of benthiocarb and butachlor on growth and nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria0*Environmental Contamination and Toxicology45232-234tcyanobacteria, crustXQZavarzin, G.A. Orelanskii, V.K. Gerasimenko, L.M. Pushko, S.N. Ushatinskaya, G.T.i 2003XQLaboratory simulations of cyanobacterial mats of the alkaline geochemical barrier7 Microbiology721 80-85picyanobacteria, cyanobacterial mats, modeling, mineralization, calcium carbonates and phosphates, dolomite, Zehnder, A. 1953b[Beitrag zur Kenntuis von Mikroclima und Algen Vegetation des nackten Gesteins in den TropenBer. Schweiz. Bot. Ges.r63 5-26doned for 12 years. In all, 92 algal species were identified in the different ecosystems, which were sampled twice (March and May). In 2001 the main algal species were Cyanophyceae, Chlamydophyceae, and Chlorophyceae. The greatest species richness of algal species was recorded in the pasture, followed by the abandoned field, the corn field and the vineyard. Using a dilution method on solid media to count the algae enabled the distinction and separate quantification of cyanophytes, diatoms and greenish algae (cholorophytes (CH) + xanthophytes (X) + eustigmatophytes (E)). This last group of greenish algae dominated at all four sites, together with cyanophytes in the pasture and the abandoned field, whereas cyanophytes were almost absent in the vineyard. The highest mean abundance of algal cells in the 0-2 cm, soil layer was found in the abandoned field and in the pasture, while it was lower in the corn field and in the vineyard. The undisturbed sites (abandoned field and, to some extent, pasture) were also characterised by a greater diversity of algae. Disturbance (tillage and use of pesticides) seemed to have a strong effect on both the composition and the density of the algal communities. Cyanophytes (Calothrix sp., Cylindrospermum sp., Pseudoanabaena sp., Scytonema sp. and Thricormus sp.) seemed to be particularly sensitive to disturbance. Heavy metals residues in the soil, especially Cu (linked to fungicide sprays, used particularly in vineyards), may be a factor affecting the abundance of cyanobacteria. It would be reasonable to conclude that the structure of soil algal communities is affected more by soil use rather than by physico-chemical soil parameters. Cyanobacteria showed the most evident response in the different agro-ecosystems, and therefore seem to be the most suitable group to consider as a soil bioindicator of land use. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.>8English Article AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON 002JB PDF on K drive$://000234606600001'Univ Padua, Dipartimento Biol, I-35121 Padua, Italy; Univ Padua, Dipartimento Biotecnol Agr, I-35020 Legnaro, Pd, Italy TREVISAN, R, UNIV PADUA, DIPARTIMENTO BIOL, VIA U BASSI 58-B, I-35121 PADUA, ITALY renata.trevisan@unipd.it Zander, R.H. 1979LFPatterns of sporophyte maturation dates in the Pottiaceae (Bryopsida) Bryologist8243538-558uput in Crust Biblioi Zander, R.H. 1993>7Genera of the Pottiaceae: mosses of harsh environments:3Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciencesu32 1-378.(Zander, R.H. Stark, L.R. Marrs-Smith, G. 1995QDidymoden nevadensis, a new species for North America, with comments on phenology  The Bryologist98590-5955*$Zargar, Mohd. Yousuf Dar, Gh. Hassan 1990ZTEffect of benthiocarb and butachlor on growth and nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria0*Environmental Contamination and Toxicology45232-234tcyanobacteria, crustXQZavarzin, G.A. Orelanskii, V.K. Gerasimenko, L.M. Pushko, S.N. Ushatinskaya, G.T.i 2003XQLaboratory simulations of cyanobacterial mats of the alkaline geochemical barrier7 Microbiology721 80-85picyanobacteria, cyanobacterial mats, modeling, mineralization, calcium carbonates and phosphates, dolomite, Zehnder, A. 1953b[Beitrag zur Kenntuis von Mikroclima und Algen Vegetation des nackten Gesteins in den TropenBer. Schweiz. Bot. Ges.r63 5-26E @D:C,B @ 2?>P=<; CL:98 765 }4& E8.'Hrdstedt-Romo, M. Gnassia-Barelli, M.  1980Effect of complexation by natural phytoplankton exudates on the accumulation of cadmium and copper by the Haptophyceae Cricosphaera elongata w Marine Biology59 79-84cyanobacteria, crustHAHeady, H.F. Bartolome, J.W. Pitt, M.D. Savelle, G.D. Stroud, M.C.6 1992California prairie Coupland, Robert T.>8Natural Grasslands: Introduction and Western Hemisphere  Amsterdam Elsevier8A313-335Ecosystems of the World grassland$Hedderson, T.A. 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Holm-Hansen1977PHolmgren19812@Holmgren19826 Holopainen1982 Holstein1973 Holsten1968 Holsten1973Y Holt19759z Holton19737 Honczarenko1975Honegger1991 Honegger1992 Honglang2003 " Hoog-Moed19960 Hoover19377 Hora1978c Horne1972d Horne1975e Horne1975 o Horneck2002 n Horneck2003  Horodyski1994fHorowitz19727 Horstmann1980g Horstmann1982h Hosten19969i Hough1952fHoughton19747gHoughton19747Houghton1975mHoughton1978m Houmard1991 Houser2001jHovenden1995n Howard19999 Howard20030 Q Howard20040 T Howard20040 Howard20040 Howard-Williams1989Howard-Williams1992k Howarth1983W Howarth1990 Howarth2002 Howe19878 Howe19919 Howsley1979l Hfler19513 Hsieh2006 Hu19819  Hu2003  Hu2003m Huang1978 Huang1988n Huang1988o Huang1998U Huang1998 C Huang2000  Huang2003 Huang2003 Huang2005p Hubbard1968f Hubbard1972k Hubbard1974 L Hubbell1978d Huber1994  Hubert2001q Huckaby1993r Hue1921Huenneke19909 Huesca20022 Hufhs1954s Huge19709  Hughes1954s c Hughes19999  Hughes2003s Hughes2003 q Hugie1964 Huiskes1997 k Huiskes2003r Humble1977t Huneck19713 Huneck1995uHunsaker19901v Hunt1966w Hunt19799 Hunt19797x Hurst1977y Huss19907z Huss-Danell1977{ Huss-Danell1977| Huss-Danell1978 % Hussein1989=Hutchins1991 Huxman2004} Hyde1994l Hyun19722 Hyvrinen1992b Hyzak1973$Iacomini1988H Ibarra19858~ Ibrahim1972Ichimura19769 Ihlenfeldt1975 Ikawa1969  Ikawa1973  Iltis1968Z Imber1978 Imeson1989 Imshaug1950Inderjit19948 Inderjit2002 Inger1970 Ingham19749B Ingham19848 Ingham19844c Ingham1985c Ingham19858 Ingold1978 Ingram1996 Ino1986 Ino1987 v Inoue1996 Inoue2001 Inouye19969Ionescu-Teculescu1971C Ishac1978 Ishida19989Ishizawa1966e Isichei1977 Isichei1980 Isichei1990 Iskakov1998 Israel19908 Issa19949  Issa19990  Issa2001  Issa2001 Iverson1981 Iynegar1932 Izerott1937 Jackson1958 Jackson1968 Jacob1996 Jacobs1977vJacobsen1910n Jacq19771 Jacques1984 _ Jacquet2004 Jadhaw1997R Jahnke19674C Jahns1977 Jahns1985  Jahns1988T Jahns1992U Jahns1995 Jain19906 Jakob1949 Jakob1954 Jakob1954 James1935 James1967 James1972 Janet1941 N Jani19700] Jansson1988 Jaques19827 Jardine2005 Jarrell1990 Javakul1982 Javed1974 Javor1989 Javornicky1973 Jayasinghearachchi2006 Jaynes19781 Jger1988 Jhnig19931Jeanfils19927Jeanjean19966Jeffries19877Jeffries19897Jeffries1989Jeffries1992Jeffries1993Jeffries1993Jennings1986 Jenny1941 Jensen19619 Jensen19689X Jensen19733 Jensen1980  Jensen19811 Jensen1992 Jha1965 Jha2005 Jia2005Johansen19811Johansen19811Johansen19818Johansen198219Johansen198339Johansen19833Johansen19833Johansen19833PHolmgren19812@Holmgren19826  Holmstead Holopainen1982 Holstein1973 Holsten1968 Holsten1973Y Holt19759z Holton19737 Honczarenko1975Honegger1991̵ Honegger1992 Honglang2003"  Hoog-Moed19960 Hoover19377 Hora1978c Horne1972d Horne1975e Horne1975o Horneck2002n Horneck2003  Horodyski1994fHorowitz19727 Horstmann1980g Horstmann1982h Hosten19969i Hough1952fHoughton19747gHoughton19747Houghton1975mHoughton1978mjHovenden1995n Howard19999 Howard20030Q Howard20040T Howard20040k Howarth1983W Howarth1990 Howarth2002 Howsley1979l Hfler19513 Hu19819  Hu2003  Hu2003m Huang1978 Huang1988n Huang1988o Huang1998C Huang2000 Huang2003 Huang2003p Hubbard1968f Hubbard1972k Hubbard1974L Hubbell1978d Huber1994  Hubert2001q Huckaby1993r Hue1921Huenneke19909 Huesca20022 Hufhs1954s Huge19709 Hughes1954sc Hughes19999  Hughes2003q  Hugie1964 Huiskes1997k Huiskes2003r Humble1977t Huneck19713 Huneck1995uHunsaker19901v Hunt1966w Hunt19799 Hunt19797x Hurst1977y Huss19907z Huss-Danell1977{ Huss-Danell1977| Huss-Danell1978%  Hussein1989 Huxman2004} Hyde1994l Hyun19722 Hyvrinen1992b Hyzak1973$Iacomini1988H Ibarra19858~ Ibrahim1972Ichimura19769 Ikawa1969 Ikawa1973 Iltis1968Z Imber1978 Imeson1989 Imshaug1950Inderjit19948 Inderjit2002̄ Inger1970 Ingham19749B Ingham19848 Ingham19844c Ingham1985c Ingham19858 Ino1986 Ino1987v Inoue1996 Inouye19969Ionescu-Teculescu1971C Ishac1978 Ishida19989Ishizawa1966e Isichei1977 Isichei1980 Isichei1990 Iskakov1998 Israel19908 Issa19949  Issa19990  Issa2001  Issa2001 Iverson1981 Iynegar1932 Izerott1937 Jackson1958 Jackson1968 Jacobs1977vJacobsen1910n Jacq19771 Jacques1984_ Jacquet2004 Jahnke19674C Jahns1977 Jahns1985  Jahns1988T Jahns1992U Jahns1995 Jain19906 Jakob1949 Jakob1954 Jakob1954 James1935 James1967 James1972 Janet1941N Jani19700] Jansson1988 Jaques19827 Jarrell1990 Javakul1982 Javornicky1973  Jaynes19781 Jger1988 Jhnig19931Jeanfils19927Jeanjean19966Jeffries19877Jeffries19897Jeffries1989Jeffries1992Jeffries1993Jeffries1993Jennings1986̦ Jenny1941 Jensen19619 Jensen19689X Jensen19733 Jensen19811 Jensen1992̩ Jha1965 Jia-wanJohansen19811Johansen19811Johansen19818Johansen198219Johansen19833dp:\Jeffries, Douglas Lynn 1989f_The vegetation, soil, and cryptogamic crusts of blackbrush communities in the Kapairowits Basin Department of Botany  Tempe, AZ Arizona State University 157rPh.D. Dissertationcyanobacteria, crust@9Jeffries, Douglas L. Link, Steven O. Klopatek, Jeffrey M.  19898Jeffries, D.L. Klopatek, J.M. Link, S.O. Bolton, Jr., H. 1992vpAcetylene reduction by cryptogamic crusts from a blackbrush community as related to resaturation and dehydration$Soil Biology and Biochemistrya2411 1101-1105.cyanobacteria, crust@9Jeffries, Douglas L. Link, Steven O. Klopatek, Jeffrey M.  1993?CO2 fluxes of cryptogamic crusts. I. Response to resaturation@The New Phytologist 125,163-173aFCryptogamic crusts, CO2 exchange, dehydration, microcoleus, scytonema.@@9Jeffries, Douglas L. Link, Steven O. Klopatek, Jeffrey M.  1993?CO2 fluxes of cryptogamic crusts. II. Response to dehydration@New Phytologist 125-2391-396i[cyanobacteria, crust, cryptogamic crusts, CO2 exchange, dehydration, Microcoleus, Scytonema,@-EPR Jenny, H. 1941 Factors of soil formation New York  McGraw-HillJensen, T.E. 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Javakul, Adchara Rushforth, Samuel R. 1982\VEffects of burning on the algal communities of a high desert soil near Wallsburg, Utah"Journal of Range Managementg355598-6009 cyanobacteria, soil crust 6/Johansen, J.R. Rushforth, S.R. Brotherson, J.D.. 1983@9The algal flora of Navajo National Monument, Arizona, USA Nova Hedwigia38501-553Johansen, Jeffrey R. 1984VOResponse of soil algae to a hundred-year storm in the Great Basin Desert, U.S.A. Phykos23 1&2M 51-54 cyanobacteria, soil crust6NHJohansen, Jeffrey R. St. Clair, Larry L. Webb, Bruce L. Nebeker, Glen T. 1984b\Recovery patterns of cryptogamic soil crusts in desert rangelands following fire disturbanceThe Bryologist873238-243- cyanobacteria, soil crustl0)Johansen, Jeffrey R. 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Deason1969@ Deason1971A Deason1971B Deason19769 Deason19767C Deason1991' Deason19939p DeBolt1988D DeBolt19929 Debouzie2003 Debus1998E Deby18799M DeCaire1977 Dechesne2003 Decho1994F DeFalco1995 Defarge1999GDegelius1945 Degenhardt2001 deGusman19789M DeHalperin19779M DeHalperin19779 Dekker1990  Del Campo1998  del Rosario1978  Del Valle1993 wdel Valle-Tascon1997Delhoume19927 w Deltoro1997 c Deltoro1998 d Deltoro1998 X DeLuca2002 DeLuca20042 DeLuca20052HDelwiche1956 Delwiche19708 ) Dembitsky2003I DeMenezes1973J DeMeter1956K Demmig-Adams1990rL Demmig-Adams1990r  Demmig-Adams1990  Demmig-Adams19935M DeMule19779N Denffer1948g Denison1982Q DeNoble2002 DePree19783Depriest2004J Deruelles1979O Des Marais19949P DeSanto1978Q Desikachary1959] Desikachary1968R Desikachary1973  Deslandes2001S Desortova1974 $ Deubert1970 Devaney1970 Dey1997 Dfarge2001 Dfarge2001 -Dhanaraj1984T Dhar1965U Dharmawardene1972 m Dhindsa1977 b Dhindsa1985 Diab19766 Dick1980 Dickson1990 Dickson1994V Diels1914W Diem19784X Diem1978s: Dieter19711  Dietz2000 n Dilks1974Y Dillenius1741 Dillon2002 Dillon2003 Dillon2003Z Dillwyn1809[ Dinkor19959 Dix1985 Dix1987O Dix1995 Diz2001 Diz-Cid2003 Djiteye1982M Doallo19777 Dobrowolski1993  Dobrowolski1993  Dobrowolski1995  Dobrowolski1995  Dobrowolski1995  Dobrowolski1999 Dobson20020v Dodd2005] Dodds1988^ Dodds1989 Dodds1991_ Dodds1995` Doemel1971aDohmeier19858a Doidge1950| Dommergues1974 W Dommergues19789X Dommergues19788H Dommerques19716b Domracheva1977  Donaldson1979c Donkin19811d Donkor19911e Donkor19961f Dooley19741g Dooley19747 Doonan1980h Dor1984 Dor1989 Dor1990i Dor1994j Dor1995k Dor1996 Dor1998 Doran1999 Dore19977 Dott Jr.2003 Y Dougill2004 Dougill2006 +Dourilov2004I Dowden1977vl Downing1992m Downing1993 Downing2001 Downs1977 o Downs2000n Dbereiner1978  Dbereiner19781 Draetta1961 Draetta1963 Draette1961oDraganov19647pDraganov19777  Drake1955q Drebes19667r Dregne19687= Drew19761s Drew19776t Drewes19287u Drewes19917 Drews1980 Drews1982 Drewsm19828 Driggers198495 Dronen19969v Drouet1937mw Drouet1943mx Drouet1956my Drouet1957m Drouet19575z Drouet1958m{ Drouet1960m| Drouet1962m} Drouet1962m Drouet19622~ Drouet1963m Drouet1964m Drouet1968m Drouet1973m Drouet1978m Drouet1981m VDrummond19696Du Rietz1925l Dubacq1987u DuBois1983u Dubovik2004 Duckett1992  Duckett2004 X Duff1999N Dulieu19778 Dumont19901 Dunbar20022 Dunne1989 During19798 During19851  During1987  During1990 9 During1997 : During1999 Durrell1956 Durrell1959 Durrell1959 Durrell1959 Durrell19591959lj$ w :j" b Kabirov, R.R. 1978@:Methods for studying the numbers and biomass of soil algae Pocvovedenie5125-129Kade, A. 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Prieto-Fernndez, A.i 2001JCMicrobial populations in heated soils inoculated with cyanobacteria$Biology and Fertility of Soils33118-125biofertilizers, biological soil crust, inoculation, soil reclamation, fire, cyanobacteria, fungi, Nostoc, Scytonema, Oscillatoria b 2+Acea, M.J. Prieto-Fernndez, A. Diz-Cid, N. 2003Cyanobacterial inoculation of heated soils: effect on microorganisms of C and N cycles and on chemical composition in soil surface"Soil Biology & Biochemistry35513-524 jdmicrobiotic crust, microbiota, C and N cycling microorganisms, nutrients, reclamation, fire, burning Acton, D.F. 1992Grassland Soils Coupland, Robert T.>8Natural Grasslands: Introduction and Western Hemisphere  Amsterdam Elsevier8A 25-54Ecosystems of the World$soil physical characteristicsAdachi, M. Hamda, K. 1971^-Chlorella assay of the activity of herbicides    Weed Research 1970 54-58cyanobacteria, crust4-Adams, III, W.W. Demmig-Adams, B. Lange, O.L. 1993^XCarotenoid composition and metabolism in green and blue-green algal lichens in the field Oecologia94576-584ad]cyanobacteria, crust, blue-green algae, green algae, carotenoids, photoprotection, zeaxanthini Adams, D.G. 1997 Cyanobacteriae Shapiro, J.A. Dworkin, M.-*#Bacteria as Multicellular Organismse New York Oxford University Pressu109-1481$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria Adams, M.B.t 2003VOEcological issues related to N deposition to natural ecosystems: research needs\ Environment International}29189-199 XRnitrogen, carbon, acidic deposition, air pollution impacts, ecosystem impacts, BSC"Addison, D.A Bardsley, C.E.d 1968l;Chlorella vulgaris assay of the activity of soil herbicidesi   Weed Science16427-429cyanobacteria, crust4-Adema, Erwin B. Elzinga, J.A. Grootjans, A.P.  2004voEffects of microbial mats on germination and seedling survival of typical dune slack species in the Netherlandsu Plant Ecologym 1741 89-96ehbhydrology, microbial mat, pioneer species, succession, sulfide, bsc, Cyanobacteria, vascular plantb[Adhikary, Shiba, P. Weckesser, Jurgen Jurgens, Uwe, J. Golecki, Jochen R. Borowiak, Dietmara 1986mIsolation and chemical characterization of the sheath from the cyanobacterium Chroococcus minutus SAG B.41.79 N a &Journal of General Microbiology 132 2595-2599 Adler, L. 1996Fungi and salt stress2 *$Frankland, J.C. Magan, N. Gadd, G.M.$Fungi and Environmental Change  Cambridgeo F?Cambridge University Press, for the British Mycological Societyi217-234gfungi, desiccation, bsc ref pulledAgardh, Carl A. 1817$Synopsis algarum scandinaviae\ Lundaecyanobacteria, crust& Agust, Susana Phlips, Edward J. 1992RLLight absorption by cyanobacteria: Implications of the colonial growth form Limnology and Oceanography372434-441rcyanobacteria, crust Notes Ahmadjian, V. 1967The lichen symbiosis Waltham, Massachusetts Blaisdell Publishing Co. Ahmadjian, V. Heikkil, H. 1970HThe culture and synthesis of Endocarpon pusillum and Staurothele clopima05 Lichenologist4259-2672lichen, bsc, desiccation Ahmadjian, V. Hale, M.E. 1974 The Lichens New York Academic Press0*Ahmadjian, V. Russell, L.A. Hildreth, K.C. 1980Artificial reestablishment of lichens. I. Morphological interactions between the phycobionts of different lichens and the mycobionts of Cladonia cristatella and Lecanora chrysoleuca Mycologia72 73-89clichenss8f7b6zH5 43 2L10/.L-, +*) ( '& Kershaw, K.A. 1977fPhysiological-environmental interactions in lichens. II. The pattern of net photosynthetic acclimation in Peltigera canina (L.) Willd var. praetextata (Floerke in Somm.) Hue, and P. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm l |     New Phytologist79377-390cyanobacteria, crust Kershaw, K.A. 1977dPhysiological-environmental interactions in lichens. III. The rate of net photosynthetic acclimation in Peltigera canina (L.) Willd var. praetextata (Floerke in Somm.) Hue, and P. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffmm j {     New Phytologist79391-402cyanobacteria, crust4.Kershaw, K.A. MacFarlane, J.D. Tysiaczny, M.J. 1977~Physiological-environmental interactions in lichens. V. The interaction of temperature with nitrogenase activity in the darkNew Phytologist79409-416hcyanobacteria, crust$Kershaw, K.A. Dzikowski, P.A.h 1977Physiological-environmental interactions in lichens VI. Nitrogenase activity in Peltigera polydactyla after a period of desiccatione P e  New Phytol.79417-421 Kershaw, K.A. 1977yStudies on lichen-dominated systems. XX. An examination of some aspects of the northern boreal lichen woodlands in Canadat Can. J. Bot.55393-410c Kershaw, K.A. 1978<5The role of lichens in boreal tundra transition areas The Bryologist812294-306 Kershaw, K.A. Smith, M.M.m 1978Studies on lichen-dominated systems. XXI. the control of seasonal rates of net photosynthesis by moisture, light, and temperature in Stereocaulon paschale   Can. J. Bot.56 2825-2830$Kershaw, K.A. MacFarlane, J.D. 1980^WPhysiological-environmental interactions in lichens. X. Light as an ecological factorNew Phytologist84687-702cyanobacteria, crust$Kershaw, K.A. Macfarlane, J.D. 1982Physiological-environmental interactions in lichens. XIII. Seasonal constancy of nitrogenase activity, net photosynthesis and respiration in Collema fufuraceum (Am.) Dr.   New Phytologist90723-735 Kershaw, K.A. 19834-The thermal operating-environment of a lichenA Lichenologist152191-207>8Kershaw, K.A. MacFarlane, J.D. Webber, M.R. Fovargue, A. 1983`ZPhenotypic differences in the seasonal pattern of net photosynthesis in Cladonia stellaris Can. J. Bot.61 2169-2180 Kershaw, K.A. Watson, S. 1983ztThe control of seasonal rates of net photosynthesis by moisture, light and temperature in Parmelia disjuncta Erichs.The Bryologist861- 31-438 Kershaw, K.A. Webber, M.R. 1984rPhotosynthetic capacity changes in Peltigera I. The synthesis of additional photosynthetic units in P. Praetextata # , d  New Phytol.96437-446i.(lichens light acclimation photosynthesis Kershaw, K.A.  1984\VPhotosynthetic capacity changes in lichens and their potential ecological significance  Brown, D.H.y("Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology New York  Plenum Press 93-109 lichens, bsc, desiccation Kershaw, K.A. 1985& Physiological Ecology of Lichens London Cambridge University Press102-140*$biological soil crust, cyanobacteria Kershaw, K.A. 1985"Nitrogen fixation in lichens  Kershaw, K.A.& Physiological Ecology of Lichens  Cambridge Cambridge University Press102-1404 Kershaw, K.A. Webber, M.R. 1986fSeasonal changes in the chlorophyll content and quantum efficiency of the moss Brachythecium rutabulumOJournal of Bryology14151-158biological soil crustc Kessler, E. 1976SComparative physiology, biochemistry, and the taxonomy of Chlorella (Chlorophyceae)a : C &Plant Systematics and Evolution 125c129-138uD=Khan, Z. Park, S.D. Shin, S.Y. Bae, S.G. Yeon, I.K. Seo, Y.J.u 2005Management of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato by root-dip treatment in culture filtrate of the blue-green alga, Microcoleus vaginatus $pBioresource Technology9612 1338-1341 0960-8524 917AA|ublue-green alga control root-knot nematode tomato waste material CYANOBACTERIA PLANTS SFW BSC nematodes cyanobacteriaRKThe nematicidal potential of culture filtrates of the blue-green alga, Microcoleus vaginatus (Cyanobacterium) was tested against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato in pots under greenhouse conditions. Prior to the transplantation of tomato seedling, roots were dipped in different concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%,1%, 2%,10%,50% and 100%) of culture filtrate of M. Vaginatus for 30 min. Root-dip treatment reduced the root galling and final population of M. Incognita and increased vegetative growth of plants and root-mass production compared with the control. The beneficial effect of root-dip treatment increased with the increase in the concentration of culture filtrate. Root galling and final nematode populations were reduced by 65.9% and 97.5%, respectively when treated at the highest concentration. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.(03) Khan Z/Seongju Fruit Vegetable Expt Stn/Seongju 719861/SOUTH KOREA (42) English Article Jayne CCOD Issue 19 2005 emailed author 6-28-05 tk'\UKHAN Z,SEONGJU FRUIT VEGETABLE EXPT STN; SEONGJU 719861, SOUTH KOREA. znema@yahoo.comKhoja, T. Whitton, B.A. 1971.(Heterotrophic growth of blue-green algaeArchives Mikrobiologie79280-282yKhudairi, A.K. 1954Desert trufflesMag. Iraqu Agr.9252-254Khudairi, A.K. 1969 Mycorrhiza in desert soils BioScience19598-599[ZNXWdVU~TS<RQPONMLKJIHG : >FNKidron, G.J. Yair, A.u 1997`YRainfall-runoff relationship over encrusted dune surfaces, Nizzana, Western Negev, Israel,%Earth Surface Processes and Landforms22 1169-1184w{cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, Negev Desert, longitudinal dunes, microbial crust, water repellency, rainfall, runoff1Kidron, Giora J. 1999{Differential water distribution over dune slopes as affected by slope position and microbiotic crust, Negev Desert, IsraelHydrological Processes13 1665-1682f`microbiotic crust, microphytic crust, runoff, dunes, Negev Desert, Israel, biological soil crust4.Kidron, Giora J. Yaalon, Dan H. Vonshak, Ahuva 1999`YTwo causes for runoff initiation on microbiotic crusts: hydrophobicity and pore clogging Soil Science 1641 18-27eD=cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, sand dune, Negev Desert.(Kidron, G.J. Herrnstadt, I. Barzilay, E. 2002b\The role of dew as a moisture source for sand microbiotic crusts in the Negev Desert, Israel"Journal of Arid Environments52517-533F@dew, fog, microbiotic crust, cyanobacteria, mosses, Negev Desert Kieft, T.L. 1991B Jordan1981 Jordan1983 Jorgensen1956 Jorgensen1994 Jorgensen1994 Joseph19858 Joseph19879 Joset1986| Joset1988 Joset1996 Joye19961f Jrgensen1993 = Jules1991 Jumelle1892 S Jungerius1985 Jungerius1988 Jungerius1989 Jungerius1990 Jurgens1986 Jurgens1986 Jurgens1989 Jurgensen1968 Jurgensen1971 Jurgensen1973! Jrgens1991 Jrgens1993 Jrgens1995 Jurgens19888 Kabirov1976 Kabirov1978 " Kabor19969  Kade2002 Kaiser1983 s Kaiser19888 Kaiser1990s Kalapos1989 Kalb19709 Kale19729 Kalina19769 Kalininskaya19739 Kalk19633 Kallas19839 Kallersjo2001 Kallio1974e : Kallio1974 Kallio1975e Kallio1975e Kallio1977e Kallio19789 Kallio19789 w Kallio1986 Kaltenecker1994  Kaltenecker1998  Kaltenecker2001  Kaltenecker2001 Kamat1972 Kamat1973Kangatharalingam1991 Kann19851 Kann19889 Kanthamma1940 Kantz19697 Kaplan1991 Kaplan2004 Kappen19739 Kappen19759 Kappen19755 Kappen19755  Kappen1979 Kappen19807  Kappen1981 Kappen1982  Kappen1983  Kappen1984! Kappen1985  Kappen1988& Kappen1988k Kappen19939 Kappen19933  Kappen1993 Kappen19977 Kappen19979 Kappen19979 i Kappen1999 Kapusta1989 AKapustka1978Kapustka1983 Kar1979 Karagatzides1985rz Karim1988 Karl19971 Karlander1966Karnieli19956Karnieli19959Karnieli19966Karnieli19966 <Karnieli19969Karnieli19976Karnieli19976 Karnieli2001 Karnieli2001Karnieli20060 Karrer19196  Karssen1992 Karsten1996 O Karsten1996g Karsten1997 Kashi2001 Kashino2001 Kashino2002 Kashyap1980 Kashyap1991w Kashyap1992 Kashyap2005 Kask19761 Kasper19949 Kasper19941  Kassas19951  Kaszubiak1976  Kaszubiak1976 Katagiri2003 Katucka1994  Katznelson1946 Katznelson196098 Kaufman1970: Kaufman1971 Kaufman1996  Kauppi19901  Kauppi1998 Kauppi1998 a Kaurivi1996 Kaushik1982 Kaushik1982Kavanagh19631i Kawaguchi1967  Kawaguchi2003 Kawecka1988 i Kay1999 Khler19966 Krcher1931 Keane1994| Keay19721 Keenan19933 Keenan1997% Keiter19966  Keizer1985 Keleti19791 Keller19269 Keller1930v { Kelly1975 Kelly1985 Kennedy1970 Kennedy1988 Kerby1995 Kerby1995 Kerfin19800 Kerkar1994v Kerni1981 Kerp19979 Kers19761 Kershaw1969 Kershaw1969 Kershaw1970 Kershaw1971 Kershaw1971 Kershaw1972 Kershaw1973 Kershaw1973 Kershaw1974  Kershaw1974! Kershaw1975" Kershaw1975# Kershaw1975D Kershaw1975  Kershaw1975% Kershaw1976- Kershaw1976 x Kershaw1976& Kershaw1977' Kershaw1977( Kershaw1977) Kershaw1977* Kershaw1977. Kershaw1977 Kershaw1978+ Kershaw1978, Kershaw1978/ Kershaw1978 I Kershaw1979 Kershaw1979- Kershaw19800 Kershaw19801 Kershaw1980 Kershaw1980. Kershaw1982 Kershaw1982 Kershaw1983 Kershaw1983 Kershaw1983/ Kershaw19830 Kershaw19831 Kershaw1983 Kershaw1983G Kershaw19842 Kershaw1984 Kershaw1984  Kershaw1984 Kershaw19843 Kershaw19854 Kershaw1985  Kershaw1986  Kesselmeier2000 Kesselmeier20065 Kessler1976v Kevei2005 Khadr19802 Khadr1980 Khamis19898G Khan19727z Khan2005 Khew19826 Khoja19717Khudairi1954n8Khudairi1969nR Khushaldas1975 ; Kidron19886< Kidron19906= Kidron19926> Kidron19926? Kidron19926 Kidron19921@ Kidron19936A Kidron19936 j Kidron19931B Kidron19946C Kidron19954D Kidron19951E Kidron19951 k Kidron19951} Kidron19966 Kidron19979F Kidron19971  Kidron1999: Kidron1999  Kidron2002 Kidron20052G Kieft1991H Kildema1977 Kilian19868L Kilian19909 Kilian1990sB Kilian1991 Kilian19921 Kilian19931I Kilias19847J Killian1935K Killian1938L Killian1939M Killian1953 King1968953 King1968953 King1968953 King1968953 King1968953 King196891953 King1968953 King1968953 King1968953 King1968953 King19689n1953 King196891953 King196891953 King19689 King19689 King19689 King19689n1953 King19689 King19689V  :^l Rx:3Ladyman, J.A.R. Muldavin, E. Fletcher, R. Aldon, E. 1994~An examination of three mesas to compare and contrast the relationships between terrestrial cryptogam and vascular plant cover6/American Academy for the Advancement of Scienceo VOProceedings of the Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division 70th Annual Meetingl 34(1)eAbstract 57: 25r .'Ladyman, Juanita A.R. Muldavin, Esteban 1996f_Terrestrial cryptogams of pinyon-juniper woodlands in the southwestern United States: a review Fort Collins, Colorado NGUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station33General Techical ReportR RM-GTR-280b[cryptogams, woodland management, microphytic crusts, pinyon, juniper, biological soil crust Laloraya, V.K. Mitra, A.K. 1972>8Fixation of elementary nitrogen by some blue-green algae Desikachary, T.V.7.(Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae Bangalore, India Bangalore Presss276-2808:3Lamprecht, I. Reller, A. Riesen, R. Wiedemann, H.G.m 1997xqCa-oxalate films and microbiological investigations of the influence of ancient pigments on the growth of lichens"Journal of Thermal Analysis49 1601-16070ZTalgae, copper, fungi, human artifacts, lichens, oxalate films, biological soil crustLang, Norma J. Fay, P. 1971JDThe heterocysts of blue-green algae. II. Details of ultrastructure0*Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 178193-203cyanobacteria, crust Lange, O.L. 1953PJHitze- und Trockenresistenz der Flechten in Beziehung zu ihrer VerbreitungFlora (Jena) Abt. B. 140o 39-97kLange, O.L. Bertsch, A. 1965]Photosynthese der Wstenflechte Ramilina maciformis nach Wasserdampfaufnahme aus dem Luftraum*   3 Naturwissenschaften,52215-216t("Lange, O.L. Schulze, E.D. Koch, W. 1968hbPhotosynthese von Wstenflechten am natrlichen Standort nach Wasserdampfaufnahme aus dem LuftraumNaturwissenschaftenU55658-6595 Lange, O.L. 1969`YDie funktionellen Anpassungen der Flechten an die kologischen Bedingungen arider GebieterBer. Deut. Bot. Ges.82 3-22 Lange, O.L. 1969Experimentell-kologische Untersuchungen an Flechten der Negev-Wste. I. CO2-Gaswechsel von Ramalina maciformis (Del.) Bory unter kontrollierten bedingungen im Laboratorium M @N ^ q Flora (Jena), Abt. B.n 1584324-359t*#Lange, O.L. Schultze, E.D. Koch, W. 19708Experimentell-kologishe Untersuchugen an Flechten der Negev-Wste II. CO2-Gaswechsel und Wasserhaushalt von Ramalina maciformis (Del.) Bory am natrlichen Standort Whrend der sommerlichen Trokenperiode J @K n   Flora 159 38-62("Lange, O.L. Schulze, E.D. Koch, W. 1970Ecophysiological investigations on lichens of the Negev Desert. III. CO2 gas exchange and water metabolism of crustose and foliose lichens in their natural habitat during the summer dry period I @J  Flora, 159s525-538oLange, O.L. Evenari, M.. 1971Ecophysiological investigations on the lichens of the Negev Desert. IV. Growth measurements with Caloplaca aurantiaca (Pers.) Hellb. c w  Flora 160100-104 Lange, Willy 1974,%Chelating agents and blue-green algae& Canadian Journal of Microbiology20 1311-13214cyanobacteria, crustD>Lange, O.L. Schulze, E.-D. Kappen, L. Buschbom, U. Evenari, M. 1975HAAdaptations of desert lichens to drought and extreme temperaturesp  Hadley, N.F.2,Environmental Physiology of Desert Organisms Stroudsburg, PA8 &Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc. 20-37desiccation, bsc Lange, Willy 1976`ZSpeculations on a possible essential function of the gelatinous sheath of blue-green algae& Canadian Journal of Microbiology22 1181-1185cyanobacteria, crust.'Lange, O.L. Geiger, I.L. Schulze, E.-D. 1977Ecophysiological investigations on lichens of the Negev Desert. V. A model to simulate net photosynthesis and respiration of Ramalina maciformis} Oecologiai28247-259nbsc, desiccation, lichenZSref from Green et al., 1984, in Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology, D.H. Brown, ed.Lange, Otto L. 1980Moisture content and CO2 exchange of lichens. I. Influence of temperature on moisture-dependent net photosynthesis and dark respiration in Ramalina maciformis  @   Oecologia45 82-87,cyanobacteria, crustgDfAd@hb ( a` _ ^`]\[ZYd$Burton, R.J. Coley-Smith, J.R. 19857Some algal communities on ameliorated cutover peatlands Pocvovedenie12103-109 But, V.P. 1962VPThe effects of additional ultraviolet radiation on the development of soil algaeUzbeksk. Biol. Zurn.2 30-33 But, V.P. 1962@:Soil algae of the vegetation associations in western Pamir  Shtina, E.A.LFThe Present State and Prospects of the Study of Soil Algae in the USSR 82Trudy Kirovskogo Sel'skokhozyaistvennogo Institute20113-118 But, V.P. 1967}Pochvennye vodorosli rastitel'nykh assotsiatsii zapadnogo Pamira (Soil algae of the vegetation associations in Western Pamir)  Shtina, E.A.Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy izucheniya pochvennykh vodorslei v SSSR (The present state and prospects of the study of soil algae in the USSR)l 82Trudy Kirovskogo Sel'skokhozyaistvennogo Instituta 20, No. 20113-118 Butler, G.L. 1977Algae and pesticides Residue Revue66 19-62LEButtars, S.A. St. Clair, L.L. Johansen, J.R. Warren, S. Pendleton, B. 1994jdStabilization of damaged soil crust communities using cyanobacterial amendments: Greenhouse studies American Journal of Botany816sAbstract 297: 106cButtars, Susan M. St. Clair, Larry L. Johansen, Jeffrey R. Sray, Julie C. Payne, Michael C. Webb, Bruce L. Terry, Richard E. Pendleton, Burton K. Warren, Steven D. 1998vpPelletized cyanobacterial soil amendments: laboratory testing for survival, escapability, and nitrogen fixation,%Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation12165-178ncyanobacteria, crust, alginate, arid soils, cryptogamic crust, inoculation, Microcoleus vaginatus, reclamation L a ,&Buzer, J.S. Dohmeier, R.A. DuTolt D.R. 1985`YThe survival of algae in dry soils exposed to high temperatures for extended time periods Phycologia2424249-251 Bdel, B. Wessels, D.C.J. 1986wParmelia hueana Gyeln., a vagrant lichen from the Namib Desert, SWA/Namibia. I. Anatomical and reproductive adaptationscDinteria18 3-15ganatomy, lichens, Namib Desert, anatamical adaptations, reproduction, Parmelia hueana, bsc, desiccationF ref pulled Bdel, B.c 1990SAnatomical adaptations to the semiarid/arid environment in the lichen genus PeltulatLVPBibliotheca Lichenologica - Contributions to Lichenology in honour of A. Henssen38 47-61lichen, bsc, desiccation0)Bdel, B. Mollenhauer, D. Mollenhauer, R.. 1991~Synechococcus elongatus - cryptoendolithic growth within bleached sandstone from creeks in the midland area Spessart (Germany)  Algological Studies764357-360eBdel, B. Lange, O. L. 1991Water status of green and blue-green phycobionts in lichen thalli after hydration by water vapor uptake: do they become turgid? Botanica Actan 104}361-366.~xCyanolichens blue-green algae green algae hydration turgidity lichens water relations water vapor uptake desiccation bsc ref pulled<5Bdel, B. Lttge, U. Stelzer, R. Huber, O. Medina, E.h 1994b[Cyanobacteria of Rocks and Soils of the Orinoco Lowlands and the Guayana Uplands, Venezuelan Botanica Acta 1076D422-431cBdel, B. Lange, O.L. 1994vEThe role of cortical and epinecral layers in the lichen genus Peltulah>Cryptogamic Botany4t262-269 0726Lichens taxonomy Peltula farinosa ecophysiology cortical layer D30 Warm desert ecology - USA cryptobiotic crusts desiccation bsc"(!in Sue's file and BFC; ref pulled` Bdel, B. 1996\UWo leben Algen? Vorkommen und biologische Bedeutung. Praxis der NaturwissenschaftenBiologie.'Bdel, B. Karsten, U. Garcia-Pichel, F.l 1997Ultraviolet-absorbing scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acid derivatives in exposed, rock-inhabiting cyanobacterial lichens Oecologia  112165-172t\Vultraviolet light, sunscreens, scytonemin, mycosporine-glycine, cyanobacterial lichenschen from the Namib Desert, SWA/Namibia. I. Anatomical and reproductive adaptationscDinteria18 3-15ganatomy, lichens, Namib Desert, anatamical adaptations, reproduction, Parmelia hueana, bsc, desiccationF ref pulled Bdel, B.c 1990SAnatomical adaptations to the semiarid/arid environment in the lichen genus PeltulatLVPBibliotheca Lichenologica - Contributions to Lichenology in honour of A. Henssen38 47-61lichen, bsc, desiccation0)Bdel, B. Mollenhauer, D. Mollenhauer, R.. 1991~Synechococcus elongatus - cryptoendolithic growth within bleached sandstone from creeks in the midland area Spessart (Germany)  Algological Studies764357-360eBdel, B. Lange, O.L.  1991Water status of green and blue-green phycobionts in lichen thalli after hydration by water vapor uptake: do they become turgid? Botanica Acta 104361-366n<5Bdel, B. Lttge, U. Stelzer, R. Huber, O. Medina, E.h 1994b[Cyanobacteria of Rocks and Soils of the Orinoco Lowlands and the Guayana Uplands, Venezuelan Botanica Acta 1076D422-431c("Bdel, Burkhard Lange, Otto Ludwig 1994LEThe role of cortical and epinecral layers in the lichen genus PeltulanCryptogamic Botany4M262-269HBLichens, taxonomy, peltula farinosa, ecophysiology, cortical layer Bdel, B. 1996\UWo leben Algen? Vorkommen und biologische Bedeutung. Praxis der NaturwissenschaftenBiologie.'Bdel, B. Karsten, U. Garcia-Pichel, F.l 1997Ultraviolet-absorbing scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acid derivatives in exposed, rock-inhabiting cyanobacterial lichens Oecologia  112165-172t\Vultraviolet light, sunscreens, scytonemin, mycosporine-glycine, cyanobacterial lichensz P     xR8z& Lange, Otto L. Green, T.G. Allan 2003Photosynthetic performance of a foliose lichen of biological soil-crust communities: long-term monitoring of the CO2 exchange of Cladonia convoluta under temperate habitat conditions`YLichenological Contributions in Honour of G.B. Feige (Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Band 86)b257-280r"ISBN 3-443-58065-3 paperbackBSC carbon fixation& Lange, Otto L. Green, T.G. Allan 2004Photosynthetic performance of the squamulose soilcrust lichen Squamarina lentigera: laboratory measurements and long-term monitoring of CO2 exchange in the fieldoRKFestschrift in Honour of Hannes Hertel (Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Band 88)n88363-3907ISBN 3-443-58067-X boundBSC carbon fixationr& Lange, Otto L. Wagenitz, Gerhard 2004:3Vernon Ahmadjian introduced the term 'chlorolichen' The Lichenologistl362r 171 BSCnIn a recent article (Lange & Wagenitz 2003) we analysed the variation and historical changes in the meaning of the old lichenological term phycolichen. We came to the conclusion that the word is not suited for use as a name for green algal lichens because of the considerable ambiguity generated by its previous usage. Instead we recommended the name chlorolichen, a term that appeared to have been used rarely in the lichenological literature; we found it only in publications by Sillett & Goslin (1999) and Ellyson & Sillett (2003). At the time we were not able to determine its origin but this puzzle has, in the meantime, been solved. It was Vernon Ahmadjian who introduced this word as a counterpart for cyanolichens (V. Ahmadjian in litt). He first used the term in 1989 when he wrote enough species of lichens with green photobionts (chlorolichens) have been synthesized (p. 29), and he also applied the term in his book The Lichen Symbiosis (Ahmadjian 1993: 123). Thus, it is to the credit and innovation of Vernon Ahmadjian that we have available the short forms chlorolichens and cyanolichens for the two functional groups of lichens with either green algae or with cyanobacteria, respectively, as their main photobionts.Lange, Otto L. 2004,&When small organisms have a big effectGerman Researchn261g 16-20b"doi: 10.1002/germ.200490002  BSCs Abstract Living soil crusts exist in all warm and cold arid lands of the world. They not only form remarkably enduring living communities, but also protect the soil effectively against erosion by wind and water'Correspondence to Otto L. Lange, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut fr Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl fr Botanik II, Universitt Wrzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 WrzburgLangerfeldt, J. 1939Die Flechten-Gesellschaften der Kieskuppen u. Sandheiden zwischen Jade und Ems. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis CXVILangford, M.F. Cox, E.R. 1971=Additions to the genus Heterochlamydomonas (Chlorophycophyta)   * 2+Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science46 66-71,%Langston, Greg McKenna Neuman, Cheryl 2005An experimental study on the susceptibility of crusted surfaces to wind erosion: A comparison of the strength properties of biotic and salt crusts Geomorphology72 1-4 40-53 Dec("doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.003vpSoil crusts Crust strength Modulus of elasticity Penetrometry Wind tunnel Aeolian abrasion BSC Wind erosion dustPenetrometry has been employed in a number of studies investigating the strength of crusted sediments as related to their stability to particle impact in aeolian systems. Despite the early success of this procedure, questions remain concerning the effect of the angle of penetration, the role of fatigue, and the relative importance of the ultimate strength as compared to the elasticity of the crust. This paper reports on a series of penetrometer and wind tunnel experiments that consider these effects in the context of both salt and biotic crusts. The results demonstrate that the angle of penetration is not important but the density of penetrations is. The decreased strength observed with high densities of penetration, repeated loading, and continual impact in wind tunnel experiments provides further confirmation that sedimentary crusts progressively become weaker during mass transport events. The elasticity of the surface appears to be at least as important to consider as the ultimate strength. Although much stronger, the salt crusts were found to break down and erode sooner than biotic crusts in wind tunnel studies. The notable elasticity of biotic crusts appears to afford them some protection against abrasion.@:for Jayne 2-1-06 recommended by Dave Miller PDF on K drive$Lapasin, Romano Priel, Sabrina 1992fRheology of culture broths and exopolysaccharide of Cyanospira capsulata at different stages of growth 4 H Carbohydrate Polymerss17 1-100)Larkum, A.W.D. Kennedy, I.R. Muller, W.J. 1988(!Nitrogen fixation on a coral reefMarine Biology98143-155"cyanobacteria, crust, lightnLarsen, Kelly Da 1995`YEffects of microbiotic crusts on the germination and establishment of three range grasses 4-Interdisciplinary Studies, Plant Soil Ecology  Boise, ID Boise State University86Master of SciencePIcheatgrass, stipa comata, stipa thurberiana, exotic, cyanobacteria, crust Larson, D.W. Kershaw, K.A. 1976b[Studies on lichen-dominated systems. XVIII. Morphological control of evaporation in lichensf Canadian Journal of Botany54 2061-20735bsc, desiccation Larson, D.W. 1977F?A method for the in situ measurement of lichen moisture contentmJournal of Ecology65135-145cyanobacteria, crust"Larson, R.I. Neal, Jr., J.L. 1978TNSelective colonization of the rhizosphere of wheat by nitrogen-fixing bacteriaEcological Bulletin26331-342cyanobacteria, crustLarson, Douglas W. 1978ZTPatterns of lichen photosynthesis and respiration following prolonged frozen storage Can. J. Bot.56 2119-2123bsc, desiccation81Larson, R.A. Bott, T.L. Hunt, L.L. Rogenmuser, K.s 1979NHPhoto oxidation products of a fuel oil and their anti-microbial activity& Environmental Science Technology138965-969 Larson, D.W. 19794.Lichen water relations under drying conditionsNew Phytologisto82713-731elichen, bsc, desiccationZSref from Green et al., 1984, in Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology, D.H. Brown, ed./ Larson, D.W. 1979F?Discussion: whole plant gas exchange and acclimation in lichenss >7Underwood, L.S. Tieszen, L.L. Callahan, A.B. Folk, G.E.\0)Comparative Mechanisms of Cold Adaptationd New York Academic Press303-310rlichen, bsc, desiccation Larson, D.W. 1982]Environmental stress and Umbilicaria lichens: the effect of subzero temperature pretreatments0$ Oecologias55268-278lichen, bsc, desiccation Larson, D.W. 1984TMThallus size as a complicating factor in the physiological ecology of lichensrNew Phytologist.97 87-97tCthallus size, lichens, ecophysiology, Umbilicaria, bsc, desiccation&@9ref from Longton, Biology of Polar Bryophytes and LichensLaundon, J.R. LichensW 1986"Shire Natural History Series Bucks, England Shire Publishing Ltd.^W&Fz PNr>\p Lee, K.E. 198182Effects of biotic components on abiotic components .'Goodall, D.W. Perry, R.A. Howes, K.M.W.BD=Arid-land Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning and Managementn  Cambridgeg Cambridge University PressVolume 2105-1232 Leedale, G. 1967Euglenoid flagellatesA "Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey  Prentice-Hall&Lefevre, M. Jakob, H. Nibet, M.u 1949|vActions des substances exctes en culture par certaines espces d'algues sur le metabolisme d'autres espces d'algues,&Verh. Intl. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol.10259-264u&Leigh, John A. Coplin, David L. 199282Exopolysaccharides in plant-bacterial interactions$Annual Review of Microbiology46307-346d]Rhizobium, plant pathogen, tood nodule, capsular polysaccharide, extracellular polysaccharideLELeisner, Johanna M.R. Bilger, Wolfgang Czygan, Franz-C Lange, Otto L. 1993rkLipophilous carotenoids of cyanobacterial lichens from different habitats, including an extreme desert site Cryptogamic Botany4o 74-82hcyanobacteria, crustLFLeisner, Johanna M.R. Bilger, Wolfgang Czygan, Franz-C. Lange, Otto L. 1994^WLight exposure and the composition of lipophilous carotenoids in cyanobacterial lichense"Journal of Plant Physiology1 143514-519lecyanobacterial lichen, canthaxanthin, carotenoids, light adaptation, zeaxanthin, cyanobacteria, crustN<5Leisner, Johanna M.R. Bilger, Wolfgang Lange, Otto L.y 1995\UDoes photoinhibition occur under natural field conditions in a cyanobacterial lichen?t  Mathis, P..(Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere  Dordrecht Kluwer Academic PressIV259-262cyanobacteria, crust,&Leisner, J.M.R. Bilger, W. Lange, O.L. 1996Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of the cyanobacterial lichen Peltigera rufescens under field conditions. I. Seasonal patterns of photochemical activity and the occurrence of photosystem II inhibition F Y  Florar 191A261-273o<6Leisner, Johanna M.R. Green, T.G. Allan Lange, Otto L. 1997Photobiont activity of a temperate crustose lichen: long-term chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange measurements in the field ^ @_  Symbiosis823165-182ecyanobacteria, crust Lembi, C.A. Waaland, R.A. 1988Algae and Human Affairss  Cambridge Cambridge University Press.'Lennihan, R. Chapin, D.M. Dickson, L.G. 1994|KNitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in high arctic forms of Nostoc commune =  Canadian Journal of Botany72940-945rZTNostoc commune, cyanobacteria, high arctic, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, crust Leong, J. 1986^WSiderophores: their biochemistry and possible role in the biocontrol of plant pathogens\&Annual Review of Phytopathology24187-209sdessication BSC fungiD=ref from Cooke and Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulledc,&Leopold, A.C. Bruni, F. Williams, R.J. 1992Water in dry organisms ,%Somero, G.N. Osmond, C.B. Bolis, C.L.Water and Life Berlin Springer-Verlagt161-169desiccation BSC ref pulled& Lesica, Peter Shelly, J. Stephen 1992]Effects of cryptogamic soil crust on the population dynamics of Arabis fecunda (Brassicaceae) @ N "American Midland Naturalist2 1283 53-60 cyanobacteria, crust60Leslie, S.B. Teter, S.A. Crowe, L.M. Crowe, J.H. 1994D>Trehalose lowers membrane phase transitions in dry yeast cellsBiochim. Biophys. Acta 1192 7-13atrehalose, phase transition, plasma membrane, dehydration, S. cerevisiae, fungi, desiccation, BSC;JJCref from Potts, "Desiccation Tolerance of Prokaryotes"; ref pulled? LeSueur, P. Puckett, K.J.B 1980@9Effect of vanadium on the phosphatase activity of lichens Canadian Journal of Botany58502-504cyanobacteria, crust$Levi, Y. Berner, T. Cohen, Y.u 1981YCO2 exchange and growth rate of the loess soil crusts algae in the Negev Desert of Israel  @   Shuval, H.B;Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  Balaban ISS 43-480)Levine, Suzanne N. Lewis, Jr., William M.H 1984F?Diel variation of nitrogen fixation in Lake Valencia, Venezuelal Limnology and Oceanography294n887-893cyanobacteria, crust"Levine, Elaine Thiel, Teresa 1987~:UV-inducible DNA repair in the cyanobacteria Anabaena spp. - 5 Journal of BacteriologyN 169A9C 3988-3993 cyanobacteria, crust   ( @ 7  zLockwood, J.L. 1988F?Evolution of concepts associated with soilborne plant pathogens&Annual Review of Phytopathology26 93-121dessication BSC fungiD=ref from Cooke and Whipps, Ecophysiology of Fungi; ref pulled-"Lockyer, D.R. Cowling, D.W.u 1977HBNon-symbiotic nitrogen fixation in some soils of England and Wales.(Journal of the British Grassland Society32 7-11Loeppky, C. Tweedy, B.G. 1969>8Effects of selected herbicides upon growth of soil algae Weed Science17110-113d,%Loftin, Samuel R. White, Carleton S. 1995{Potential nitrogen contribution of soil cryptogams to post-disturbance forest ecosystems in Bandelier National Monument, NMn 1-15rAcetylene reduction assay, microphytic crusts, nitrogen cycle, stable isotope analysis, d15N, cyanobacteria, crust Y  [ (!Loftis, Stella G. Kurtz, Edwin B.0 1980b\Field studies of inorganic nitrogen added to semiarid soils by rainfall and blue-green algae Soil Science 1293150-155cyanobacteria, crust:3Lohtander, Katileena Oksanen, Ilona Rikkinen, Joukoo 2003ZGenetic diversity of green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts in Nephroma (Peltigerales)CL Lichenologist354 325-339h 0024-2829n 733RKiCoccomyxa ITS lichen Nostoc phylogeny SSU rDNA symbiosis LICHEN FORMING ASCOMYCOTA NOSTOC CONTAINING LICHENS NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA FREE-LIVING NOSTOC GENUS NEPHROMA 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS CULTURED NOSTOC RECOMBINANT DNA LAEVIGATUM ACH BSC lichen Nostoc CyanobacteriarGenetic diversity of green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts in Nephroma was examined by using nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal gene cluster. The lichens studied included both bipartite and tripartite species. There was very little variation in green algal-ITS sequences of N. Arcticum and N. Expallidum. Almost identical sequences were obtained from all thalli analysed and also from two tripartite Peltigera species. On the basis of SSU rDNA data the green algal photobionts of N. Arcticum are closely related to the primary photobiont of P. Britannica, and also to an endophytic alga of Ginkgo biloba. The SSU rDNA region of lichen-forming cyanobacteria was rather variable. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Nostoc specimens formed a monophyletic group and the strains were divided into two main groups. One clade included only cyanobionts of lichens, including those of all bipartite Nephroma species. The second group was genetically more heterogeneous and included mainly cyanobionts of terricolous cyanolichens, including those of both tripartite Nephroma species studied. The distinction between bi- and tripartite Nephroma species is significant as the mycobionts of tripartite species are not monophyletic. It implies that within Nephroma, evolutionary transitions between symbiosis types cannot have been achieved simply via an acquisition or loss of the green algal photobiont. As the Nostoc symbionts of bi- and tripartite species belong to different phylogenetic groups, an evolutionary change in green algal association has required a concurrent change in cyanobiont composition. (C) 2003 The British Lichen Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.(03) Lohtander K/Univ Helsinki/Dept Appl Biol/POB 27/FIN 00014 Helsinki/FINLAND (42) English Article from Jessie's ref req file June 2005 TK emailed (first address) 6-22-05 tk'@9katileena.lohtander@helsinki.fi ilona.oksanen@botan.su.se"Lojero, C.G. Krogmann, D.W.e 1996NGLarge scale preparations of photosynthetic catalysts from cyanobacteriaoPhotosynthesis Researche473o293-299 NGArthrospira, cytochromes, ferredoxins, flavoproteins, phycobiliproteinspLong, H. Miller, V.M.. 1945FA new desert Corprinus    Mycologia37120-123f Longton, R.E. 1976D=Reproductive biology and evolutionary potential in bryophytes12+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 41205-223oput in Crust biblior Longton, R.E. 1980&Physiological ecology of mosses Taylor, R.J. Leviton, A.E."The Mosses of North America  San Francisco LEAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division 77-113put in Crust biblio Longton, R.E. Miles, C.J.u 19824-Studies on the reproductive biology of mosses2+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratoryv52219-240put in Crust Bibliop Longton, R.E.t 198460The role of bryophytes in terrestrial ecosystems2+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory55147-163"moss, biological soil crustf Longton, R.E. 1988>8Life-history strategies among bryophytes of arid regions2+Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratoryu64 15-28put in Crust biblio, Longton, R.E. 1990ZTSexual reproduction in bryophytes in relation to physical factors of the environment Chopra, R.N. Bhatla, S.C.82Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry Boca Raton, FL  CRC Press 139-166dput in Crust bibliou Longton, R.E. 1992B  American Journal of Botany46 65-70 Trainor, F.R. 19620*Temperature tolerance of algae in dry soil Phycological News Bulletin151 3-4cyanobacteria, crust Trainor, F.R. 1963NCulture of Scenedesmus longus   ,%Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club90407-412Trainor, F.R. Hilton, R. 1964v2A new species of Hormotila from a Connecticut soil    Phycologia4 99-104 Trainor, F.R. McClean, R. 1964GA study of a new species of Spongiochloris introduced into sterile soil  *  American Journal of Botany51 57-60Trainor, F.R. Burg, C.A. 1965NScenedesmus obliquus sexuality  Sciencer 148 1094-1095uTrainor, F.R. Hilton, R. 1966xGChlorosarcinopsis variabilis sp. nova from a Connecticut cornfield soil  Journal of Phycology2156-159 Trainor, F.R. 1970,&Survival of algae in a desiccated soil Phycologia9u111-113h Trainor, F.R. 1983@:Survival of algae in soil after high temperature treatment Phycologia222201-202.*$biological soil crust, cyanobacteriaTranseau, E.N. 1951The ZygnemataceaeGrad. School Mono. No. 1  Columbus, OH Ohio State UniversityContrib. in Botany Treboux, O. 190560Organische Sauren als ohlenstoffquelle bei AlgenBer. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.23 432("Trempy, Janine E. Gottesman, Susan 1989B7Crittenden, Peter D. Katucka, Izabela Oliver, Elizabethc 199481Does nitrogen supply limit the growth of lichens?cCryptogamic Botany4143-155,%nitrogen fixation, soil crust, ArcticnCroome, Roger L. 1973:4Nitrogen fixation in the algal mats on Marion Island0*South African Journal of Anarctic Research3c 64-67Rcyanobacteria, crustCrowe, J.H. Crowe, L.M.f 1986<5Stabilization of membranes in anhydrobiotic organismsd  Leopold, A.C..(Membranes, Metabolism, and Dry Organisms  Ithaca, NY $Comstock Publishing Associates188-209jdesiccation BSCd,&Crowe, J.H. Hoekstra, F.A. Crowe, L.M. 1992 Anhydrobiosist"Annual Review of Physiologyn54579-599LEdehydration, membranes, cryobiology, preservation, compatible solutesaput in Crust biblio*#Crowe, J.H. Oliver, A.E. Tablin, F.d 2002@:Is there a single biochemical adaptation to anhydrobiosis?*#Integrative and Comparative Biologyn423i497-503flichen, desiccation, BSChantia inflexa d  Oikos490227-237put in Crust BibliooMcVeigh, I. Brown, W.H. 1954rIn vitro growth of Chlamydomonas chlamydogama Bold and Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow Em. Willie in mixed cultures  - 7 N ,%Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club81218-233McWhorter, F.P. 1921& Destruction of mosses by lichensBotanical Gazette72321-325 Medina, E. 1993,%Mineral Nutrition: Tropical SavannasProgress in Botany54245-25?Meeks, J.C. et al. 1983KAssimilation of 13NH4 by Anthoceros grown with and without symbiotic Nostoc     @  # E  Plante 158t384-3919cyanobacteria, crustuts r qpHonm(lkjihgfedcba 0`Marshall, J.K. 1973("Drought, land use and soil erosion  Lovett, J.D>The Environmental, Economic and Social Significance of Drought Sydney Angus and Robertsonn 55-77 Marshall, W.A. 1996BManeuver-caused wind erosion impacts, South Central New Mexico Nickling, W.G.Aeolian Geomorphologyd Boston  Allen & Unwinr273-2909Martin, Thomas L.t 193981The occurrence of algae in some virgin Utah soils2+Soil Science Society of America Proceedingst4249-250 cyanobacteria, soil crust7*#Martin, James P. Waksman, Selman A.0 1940B;Influence of microorganisms on soil aggregation and erosionl Soil Science50 29-47biological soil crust Martin, T.L. 194082The occurrence of algae in some arid soils of UtahD=Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Microbiology Martin, T.L. 194981The occurrence of algae in some virgin Utah soilsl2+Soil Science Society of America Proceedingsg4249-2505Martin, C.T. Wyatt, J.T. 1974YExtracellular invesments in blue-green algae with particular emphasis on the genus Nostoc S Journal of Phycology10404-410 Martnez-Vera, R.a 1975>7The algae of the soil: their function and distribution "Acad. Cienc. Cuba Ser. Biol.49 1-18 Marton, A. 1973TAction of some bactericides and fungicides on the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris = $Stud. Cercet. Biol. Ser. Bot.25 79-85g Martz, M. 19860*Answer to '47 query: Utah is Sahara bound Deseret Newspg. B1: col. 1 April 2, 1986Mashum, M. Farmer, V.C.a 1985PJOrigin and assessment of water repellency of a sandy South Australian soil*#Australian Journal of Soil Research23623-6262+Mashum, M. Tate, M.E. Jones, G. Oades, J.M. 1988XRExtraction and characterization of water repellent materials from Australian soilsJournal of Soil Science39 99-110"Masterson, C.L. Murphy, P.M. 1976voApplication of the acetylene reduction technique to the study of nitrogen sixation by white clover in the field  Nutman, P.S.,%Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Plants Cambridge/New York Cambridge University Press299-316 Materassi, R. Balloni, W.. 1965piQeulques observations sur la presence de micro-organismes autotrophes fixateurs d'azote dans les riviresaAnn. Inst. Pasteur3\218-223-4.Matorin, D.N. Venediktov, P.S. Makevnina, M.G. 1975ztUse of recording method of afterglow of green algae in determining soil and water pollution by phytotoxic substances Biol. Nauk.18122-1254,&Matsuguchi, T. Shimomura, T. Lee, S.K. 1978ZReexamination of assay conditions for heterotrophic nitrogen fixation (C2H2) in paddy soil H @I J @K Ecological Bulletine26137-147-cyanobacteria, crustMatthes, U. Feige, G.B. 1983(!Ecophysiology of lichen symbioses- 6/Lange O. L. Nobel P. S. Osmond C. B. Ziegler H.\0*Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 12C Berlin Springer-Verlagc423-467\cyanobacteria, crust4-Matthes-Sears, U. Nash III, T.H. Larson, D.W.c 1986The ecology of Ramalina menziesii. IV. In situ photosynthetic patterns and water relations of reciprocal transplants between two sites on a coastal-inland gradient,#'. Canadian Journal of Botany64 1183-1187Gbsc, lichen, desiccation2,Matthes-Sears, U. Gerrath, J.A. Larson, D.W. 1997Abundance, biomass, and productivity of endolithic and epilithic lower plants on the temperate-zone cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, 6/Canadian International Journal of Plant Sciencen 158rB;Matthes-Sears, U. Gerrath, J.A. Gerrath, J.F. Larson, D.W. 1999rkCommunity structure of epilithic and endolithic algae and cyanobacteria on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpmentr$Journal of Vegetation Science10587-598canonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, micro-alga, Ontario, rock alga, terrestrial alga, biological soil crust Mattick, F. 1940JDBuellia epigaea Tuck., eine mitteleuropisch-kontinentale ErdflechteBer. Dtsch. Bot. GesHu6\1 Mattick, F. 1976PDie Erdflechten Lecanora crassaa  Ber. Dtsch. Bot. GesHe62 Lfd.Nr Mattox, K. Bold, H.C. 1962LEPhycological studies III. The taxonomy of certain ulotricacean algae  Austin, TX University of TexasPublication No. 6222 | {n D$ 4| Metting, B. 1980^WNew species of green microalgae (Chlorophycophyta) from an eastern Washington silt loame Phycologia19296-306 Metting, F.B. 19810)The systematics and ecology of soil algaeBotanical Review47195-312"Metting, F.B. Rayburn, W.R. 1983f`The influence of a microalgal soil conditioner on selected Washington soils: an empirical study.'Soil Science Society of America Journal47682-6856 Metting, B. Rayburn, W.R.g 1983`ZThe influence of a microalgal conditioner on selected Washington soils: an empirical studySoil Sci. Soc. Am. J.474682-685^Wmicroalgae soil aggregates nontraditional soil amendments dessication BSC Cyanobacteriae ref pulledMetting, Blaine 1985*#Soil microbiology and biotechnology; &Cheremisinoff, P. Ouellette, R.0)Biotechnology. Applications and Research196-200cyanobacteria, crust Metting, B. 1986iPopulation dynamics of Chlamydomonas sajao and its influence on soil aggregate stabilization in the fieldm  * ,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology51 1161-1164t Metting, F.B. 1987xrDynamics of wet and dry aggregate stability from a three-year microalgal soil-conditioning experiment in the field Soil Science 143139-143e0)Metting, F.B. Rayburn, W.R. Reynaud, P.A. 1988Algae and agriculture Lembi, C.A. Waaland, R.A.iAlgae and Human Affairs  Cambridge Cambridge University Press335-370S Metting, F.B. 1988"Micro-algae and agriculture (!Borowitzka, M.A. Borowitzka, L.A. Micro-algal Biotechnology7  Cambridgef Cambridge University Press288-303 Metting, F.B. 1988"Microalgal soil conditioners Ramus, J. Jones, M.C.:3Polysaccharides from Microalgae, A New Agroindustry Beaufort (!Duke University Marine Laboratory 56-61  Metting, F.B. 1990 Soil algae  Lynch, J.M.The Rhizosphere London Wiley Interscience355-368 Metting, B. 1991@9Biological surface features of semiarid lands and deserts  Skujins, J.@:Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation New York  Marcel Dekker9257-293pMetting, Jr., F.B. 1993HAStructure and physiological ecology of soil microbial communities Metting, Jr., F.B.Soil Microbial Ecology  New York, NY  Marcel Dekkere 3-25 Metting, F.B. 1994Algae and cyanobacteriau Weaver, R.W. et al.TNMethods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties Madison, Wisconsin "American Society of AgronomyChapter 18 (427-458) 3rd*#Mexal, J. Fisher, J.T. Pieper, R.D. 1991^XForestry and agriculture at the crossroads in the management of pinyon-juniper woodlands1991 Pinyon Conference  Santa Fe, NM HANew Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico UniversityM 33-41uApril 23Meyer, Susan E. 1986F?The ecology of gypsophile endemism in the eastern Mojave DesertEcology675 1303-1313hbbiological soil crust, desert, endemism, edaphic factors, gypsophile, gypsum, Mojave Desert, soils*$Meyer, Susan E. Garca-Moya, Edmundo 1989d^Plant community patterns and soil moisture regime in gypsum grasslands of north central Mexico"Journal of Arid Environments16147-155 cyanobacteria, soil crustAbstract Meyer, H. Santarius, K.A.t 1998RKShort-term thermal acclimation and heat tolerance of gametophytes of mosses} Oecologia 115 1-8Bryidae (thermal adaptation), electrolyte leakage, fluorescence induction, heat acclimation (short-term), heat tolerance (mosses)put in Crust biblio Miguel, P. 1892.(De la culture artificielle des Diatomes Le Diatomistea1m73$Mikhailova, E.I. Kruglov, Y.V. 19732+Effect of some herbicides on soil algofloraD Pocvovedenie8 81-85*#Mikkat, S. Effmert, U. Hagemann, M.n 1997Uptake and use of the osmoprotective compounds trehalose, glucosylglycerol, and sucrose by the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC68033n|Arch Microbiol 167112-118cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. osmoregulation salt adaptation trehalose glucosylglycerol sucrose sucrase dessication BSC CyanobacteriaMiles, M.J. Morris, V.J. 1989<6Naturally-evolved changes in bacterial polysaccharides "Chantler, E. Ratcliffe, N.A.\USymposium for the Society of Experimental Biology No. XLII: Mucus and Related Topicsr403, 416 Miles, C.J. Longton, R.E.l 19902,The role of spores in reproduction in mosses.(Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104149-173put in Crust biblio Miles, C.J. Longton, R.E.l 1992PJDeposition of moss spores in relation to distance from parent gametophytesJournal of Bryology17355-368put in Crust biblio"Millbank, J.W. Kershaw, K.A. 1969^Nitrogen metabolism in lichens. I. Nitrogen fixation in the cephalodia of Peltigera aphthosa L New Phytologist68721-729cyanobacteria, crust Leong1986 Leopold1992 Lepage20010 Lesica19924 Lesica1992W Leslie1994A Lester1965W LeSueur1980Letelier19971q Levacov2004 Levi19819 Levine19840 Levine1987v Levitt1980 Levitt1980 Levy19867 Levy19866 Lewin1953 Lewin1956 Lewin1976 Lewin1977b Lewin1984 Lewin1985/ Lewin1987 Lewis1973 Lewis1978 Lewis1984 Lewis1985 Lewis1987 Lewis1992 Lewis1992 Lewis1997  Lewis2002  Lewis Smith1970 q Lewis Smith1993: Lewis Smith1995 Lewis Smith2005 Lex1970 Ley1959 Ley1959 Ley1959 Leys1990 Leys1992 Leys1998 Leys19981 Leys19991 Leys20032 Lvesque1999/ Li19877 Li1991e Li19988  Li2002 Li20020  Li2002 Li20020 Li2003a  Li2003 H Li20033 Li2005 Li20050 Li2006 Liao1978u  Lichtenthaler2000 Liddel19919 Lie1971s Liem198287Lieman-Hurwitz1991  Liengen1997  Liengen1997  Liengen1999  Liengen1999O Liengen2000 Lih-Mei1959 Lih-Mei1959 Lind19777 FLindberg20022Lindblad19909 aLindblad19900 Lindblad19955 Lindblad19988Lindblad2000 Lindblad2001TLindblad2001 FLindblad20020\ Lindemann1986 Lindemann1991  Lindsay1973  Lindsay1978 Line19929? Ling20000 Link19800 u Link19828 Link19833 Link19891 Link19921 Link19933 Link19931 Link19931 Link19933 o Link2000 Link20020d Lipkin19679 Lipman19259 Lipman19419 Lipman19449 s Lipp19888 Lippy1979 Litaker1996 Litaker1999 ' Little Jr.1937Littmann19979 Littmann2001Litvinov19585U Liu1998  Liu2003  Liu2003 1 Liu2003 H Liu2003 Liu2004 Liu2005 Liu2006 Liu2006 Liut19909 Livingstone1983 Llano1962 Llano1965 Lo19729 Lobova19673rLockwood1977Lockwood1981Lockwood1983Lockwood1983Lockwood1983Lockwood1983Lockwood1984Lockwood1988 Lockyer1977 3 Lodge2004 Loeppky1969 p Loeschcke2002 q Loeschcke2003 Loftin19959 Loftis19809 Lohtander2001 ! Lohtander2002 " Lohtander2002 Lohtander2003| Loisy2003 Lojero19969 Lollar19855 Long19451) Long19791 Long2005 Long20066  Longton1976 7 Longton1980 @ Longton1982  Longton1984 ( Longton1988  Longton1990 { Longton1990 Longton1992 | Longton1992  Longton1994 } Longton1995 Looman19642 Looman1964v Looman1987v  Looney1984 Loope1972 Loope1973 Lopez-Lara1993 Lopez-Portillo1992s  Loppi2004  Lopushinsky1980 Loria1980 Loris1992o Los2000 Lotei1958 Louis1985 Lovett19988 ` Lovich1999  Lowdermilk1960   Lowe1934k  Lpez-Corts20011  Lpez-Corts20010  Lpez-Corts2002 Lu20055 Luard1982  Lucas1949 Lucero2006 k Lud2003 Ludvk19755  Ludwig19921 Luiszer2001 Lukesova19876Lukesova19916]Lukesova19928Lukesova19936Lukesova19936Lukesova19966 Lukesov1999 Lukesov2000 Lukesov2001 Lukesov2001 Lumbsch1992< Lumpkin1988 Luna19929 Lund19429 Lund19459 Lund19479 Lund19559 Lund19579 Lund19629 Lund19679Lundgren19747Lundgren19786 Lundquist1970 Lungu1996 Luo2006 Lusby1963 Lusby1971 Lusby1979d Lttge1994  Lttge19956 Lttge19988  Lttge20033! Lynch1985 ; Lynch1988 7 Lynd19704" Lyngbye1819# Lynn19718  Lynn1973  Lynn1974 Lyons1999 M.F.19767 M.W.N.19757 Ma19699 Ma2005& MacCracken1983 'MacEntee19703MacEntee19739(MacEntee19733)MacEntee19733MacEntee1974n*MacEntee1974MacEntee1975n+MacEntee1978,MacEntee1978- MacFarlane19769( MacFarlane1977. MacFarlane1977 / MacFarlane1978 - MacFarlane19800 MacFarlane1980 1 MacFarlane1980 . Macfarlane1982  MacFarlane19820 MacFarlane1983  MacFarlane19834 MacGregor19715 MacGregor1972 Machlis1968N Machlis1970y MacIntosh19666 Mack1982 Mack198297 Mack19831( Mack198788 MacKenzie1979 MacKenzie2004 MacKenzie2005 MacKenzie2005 $ Mackiewitz19709 Macko20039MacMahon19859: MacRae19678 MacRae19671 MacRae1969  Maestre2002  Maestre2002  Maestre2003  Maestre2003  Maestre2003  Maestre2003| Magan1997; Magee1954 * Magill1976 ) Magill1982= Magnusson1944? Mague1977? Mague1977> Mague1978  Mahall20033 k Mahan1998@ Mahendrappa1966A Maher1947 + Mahler1978B Mahmoud1964C Mahmoud1978 Mahmoud1994D Maikawa1975- Maikawa1976E Mair19339o Makevnina1975Maksimov19722F Mal'tseva1977Malechek19830G Malin1988HMalkomes19777IMalkomes19777  Malone1977o Maloney1955J Maloney1958 Manachre1980) Mandal19565 y Mandel19717 Manier2005 3 Mankau197773 Manna1964 Manna1964 Manna1964 Manna1965 Manna1965 NManrique1992 Manucharova1947  Mao Che2001K Maples19828L Marathe1964M Marathe1965N Marathe1972O Marathe19729 Marathe1974: Marathe1974P Marathe1975Q Marathe1975R Marathe1975# Marble1988vT Marble19891Marchant19837 Marco1988U Mares1985Margalit19908:Margheri19939HMargulis19856VMargulis19865k Marin1999W Marino19908 Marino20022X Markey19740Y Markov19910Z Markova1974[ Markova1976\ Marowitch1988  Marrs-Smith1995]Marsalek19928 Marschall2004 Marsh1977^ Marsh1979 Marsh1986 s Marsh1988_Marshall19728`Marshall19738Marshall1978 Marshall1996aMarshall19978b Marston1986c Martin19396d Martin19406e Martin19400 Martin19484f Martin19490g Martin19740 h Martin1976n  Martinelli2002 mMartinez19966 Martini2000h Martnez-Vera1975 Marton19709i Marton1973r f Marton1982j Martz1986 Maseyk20062k Mashum1985rl Mashum1988r Mashum1988r985rl Mashum1988r1985rl Mashum1988r5rl Mashum1988r5rl Mashum1988rl Mashum1988r Mashum1988r8r"x4P@*$Bolling, John D. Walker, Lawrence R. 2002^XFertile island development around perennial shrubs across a Mojave desert chronosequence(!Western North American Naturalist621 88-100disturbance Larrea tridentata revegetation soil recovery succession phosphorus nitrogen island of fertility islands of fertility fertile island resource islands resource island 'tmLawrence R. Walker Professor Ph.D., University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1985 702-895-3196 walker@unlv.nevada.edu0)Bolton, Jr., H. Smith, J.L. Wildung, R.E. 1990d]Nitrogen mineralization potentials of shrub-steppe soils with different disturbance histories.'Soil Science Society of America Journalb54887-891 cyanobacteria, crust,&Bolton, Jr., H. Smith, J.L. Link, S.O. 1993`YSoil microbial biomass and activity of a disturbed and undisturbed shrub-steppe ecosystem$Soil Biology and Biochemistry255545-552-cyanobacteria, crust0)Bolton Jr., Harvey Smith, J.L. Link, S.O.h 1993`YSoil microbial biomass and activity of a disturbed and undisturbed shrub-steppe ecosystem$Soil Biology and Biochemistry235l545-552oSoil Biol Biochem 0720PJD30 Warm Desert Ecology - USA Cryptobiotic crusts islands of fertility BSC(!Bolyshev, N.N. Evdokimova, T.I.O.  1944 The nature of takyr crusts Pocvovedenie8345-352cyanobacteria, crust& Bolyshev, N.N. Manucharova, E.A. 1947D=The distribution of algae in the profile of some desert soilsi(!Vestn. Moskovsk. Univ., Ser. Biol8115-130cyanobacteria, crustBolyshev, N.N. 1952}The origin and evolution of takyr soils (also translated as "Generation and development of the soils of shallow depressions"0)Pochvovedenie (translation: Soil Science)5403-417cyanobacteria, crust0*in Russian, with some English notes at endBolyshev, N.N. 1955.'The origin and evolution of takyr soils Moscow Moscow University Pressccyanobacteria, crust"Bolyshev, N.N. Shtina, E.A. 1959NHThe vegetation and soils in the environs of the delta lakes of the Volga("Vestn. Moskavsk. Univ., Ser. Biol.20 4-11cyanobacteria, crustBolyshev, N.N. 1962&Role of algae in soil formationSoviet Soil Science 1964630-635Bolyshev, N.N. 19682,Algae and their role in the foundation soils Moscow Moscow University Presscyanobacteria, crust.'Bolyshev, N.N. Novichkova-Ivanova, L.N. 1978ngThe algal flora of initial stages of soil formation on blanket loams under the condition of a lysimeter Bot. Zurn.63690-696pcyanobacteria, crustPJBonani, G. Friedmann, E. Imre Ocampo-Friedmann, R. McKay, C.P. Woelfli, W. 1978RKPreliminary report on radiocarbon dating of cryptoendolithic microorganisms,Polarforschung58 2/3199-200cyanobacteria BSC'("Author sent with requested article Bonar, L. Goldsmith, G.W.. 1925.'Distribution and behavior of soil algae2+Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook No. 24 324 Bond, R.D. 1964vpThe influence of the microflora on the physical properties of soils II. Field studies in water repellent sands*#Australian Journal of Soil Researchs2123-1313cyanobacteria, crustBond, R.D. Harris, J.R. 1964yThe influence of the microflora on physical properties of soils. I. Effects associated with filamentous algae and fungia*#Australian Journal of Soil Researchc2111-122rcyanobacteria crust Bongale, U.D. 1986Distribution of algal flora in dry-land cultivated field soils from Bailhongal and Saudatti Taluks of Belgaum District Karnataka State, IndiagJ. Karnatak Univ. Sci.31 7-20 Bongale, U.D. 1987GNew taxa of Oscillatoriaceae from paddy fields of Karnataka State Indiaa    Acta Bot. Indica151b110-114$Bonnett, H.T. Silvester, W.B.o 1981t/Specificity in the Gunnera-Nostoc endosymbiosiso  !  New Phytol.e89121-128 Bonnier, G. 1888|vGermination des spores des lichens sur les protonemas des mousses et sur des algues differentes des gonidies du lichen$Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris 40541-5434 Bonnier, G. 1899<6Germination des lichens sur les protonemas des moussesRev. Gen. Bot.1165-16964~  i<vMLDW^X@GKPotts, M. Whitton, B.A.r 1977ngNitrogen fixation by blue-green algal communities in the intertidal zone of the lagoon of Aldabra Atolli Oceologiap27275-283l$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria ref pulled Potts, M.i 1980Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) in marine coastal environments of the Sinai Peninsula; distribution, zonation, stratification and taxonomic diversityc Phycologia191 60-73$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriai ref pulled(!Potts, Malcolm Friedmann, E. Imre 1981VOEffects of water stress on cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria from hot desert rocks Archives of Microbiology 130267-271cyanobacteria crust water stress photosynthesis endolithic matric osmotic taxonomy Chroococcidiopsis Chroococcus dessication BSCSq ref pulled<5Potts, M. Ocampo-Friedmann, R. Bowman, M.A. Tozun, B. 1983Chroococcis S24 and Chroococcus N41 (cyanobacteria): morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization and effects of water stress on ultrastructure   # Arch. Microbiology 135  81-91iNHultrastructure, nitrogen fixation, water stress, taxonomy, DNA, plasmidsPotts, Malcolm 1984,%Nitrogen fixation in mangrove forestse Dov Por, Francis Dor, InkaJCHydrobiology of the Mangal: The Ecosystems of the Mangrove Forests. Dr W. Junk Publisherss155-162ncyanobacteria, crust,%Potts, M. Bowman, M.A. Morrison, N.S.b 1984NControl of matric water potential(ym) in immobilised cultures of cyanobacteria " # @$  FEMS Microbiology Letters 24193-196x,&water stress nitrogenase downshift ATP Potts, M.a 1985Protein synthesis and proteolysis in immobilized cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584 exposed to matric water stressoM[Journal of Bacteriologya 164a3g 1025-1031i$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriar ref pulled$Potts, Malcolm Bowman, Mark A. 1985FSensitivity of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (Cyanobacteria) to water stressArch. Microbiol. 141 51-56hacyanobacteria immobilized cells desiccation water stress nitrogenase ATP pool photo-oxidation bsco ref pulled Potts, M.a 1986sThe protein index of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (cyanobacteria): changes induced in immobilized cells by water stress$Archives of Microbiology 146 87-95pcimmobilized cells gene expression regulon nifH protein desiccation Nostoc commune BSC Cyanobacteria*/CR ref pulledPotts, M. Morrison, N.S. 1986iShifts in the intracellular ATP pools of immobilised Nostoc cells (Cyanobacteria) induced by water stress 5;Plant and Soil90211-221n2+desiccation intracellular BSC Cyanobacteriae ref pulled@:Potts, M. Olie, J.J. Nickels, J.S. Parsons, J. White, D.C. 1987Variation in phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids and carotenoids of desiccated Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria) from different geographic locationsQ_,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology531 4-9$dessication BSC Cyanobacteria ref pulled4.Potts, M. Angeloni, S.V. Ebel, R.E. Bassam, D. 1992$Myoglobin in a cyanobacteriumScience 256r 1690-1692t$dessication BSC Cyanobacterian ref pulledPotts, Malcolm 1994*$Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotesMicrobiol. Revs58755-805Potts, Malcolm 1996,%The anhydrobiotic cyanobacterial cellPhysiol. Plant97788-794cyanobacteria, dessication, extracellular polysaccharides, glass transition, glycanb, Nostoc commune, ultraviolet radiation, water, water stress proteinsPotts, Malcolm 1999:4Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in cyanobacteriaEur. J. Phycol.34319-328 1143@cyanobacteria nucleic acids membranes EPS Nostoc dessication BSC*1(!in Sue's file and BFC; ref pulled Poulton, C.E. 1955PJEcology of non-forested vegetation in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon Pullman, Washington "Washington State UniversityPh.D. dissertation Prasad, S. 1949ngNitrogen recuperation by blue-green algae in soils of Bihar and their growth on different types of soilJ. Proc. Inst. Chemists21135-140$Prasad, B.A. Srivastava, P.N. 1964\+Camptylonema godwardii sp. nov., from India   Phykos3 41-45$Prasad, B.N. Srivastava, P.N. 1968JCSystematic and ecological studies on algae of alkaline (Usar) soilss Phykos7a102-111$bsc, weathering, cyanobacteria(!Prashnowsky, A.A. Schidlowski, M.h 1967.(Investigation of Pre-Cambrian thucholite Nature 216m560-563ifossils, early lifeh("Prasse, Rdiger Bornkamm, Reinhard 2000PIEffect of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants Plant Ecology 150 65-75pjcryptobiotic crusts, cryptogamic crusts, disturbance, microphytic crusts, sand-dune desert, seed dispersalPrat, S. 1955<6The influence of humus substances (capucines) on algae Folia Biol.1321-326 Pratt, R. 1940hInfluence on the size of inoculum on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris in freshly prepared culture medium 3 E  American Journal of Botany27 52-56.Pratt, R. Fong, J. 1940mStudies on Chlorella vulgaris. II. Further evidence that Chlorella cells form a growth inhibiting substance    ; D  American Journal of Botany27431-438Prescott, G.W. 1938TA new species and a new variety of the algal genus Vaucheria with notes on the genus 3 < 82Transactions of the American Microscopical Society57 1-10$Prescott, G.W. Croasdale, H.T. 1942^XThe algae of New England. II. Additions to the freshwater algal flora of Massachusetts"American Midland Naturalist27662-676tH. 1975:4Influence of effluent from a zinc factory on lichens Ecol. Mongr.45183-198$Nash, III., T.H. Johnson, A.B. 1975(!Catalog of the lichens of ArizonaThe Bryologist78 7-24Nash, III., T.H. 1975*#Lichens of Maricopa County, Arizonan0)Journal of the Arizona Academy of Sciencec10119-125Nash, III., T.H. 1976,&Lichens as indicators of air pollutionDie Naturwissenschaften63364-367 '  Rice, M. A.Richardson, D.H.S.Richardson, David H.S.Riefner Jr., Richard E. Riethman, H. Rikkinen, J.Rikkinen, Jouko Rillig, M.C. Rimke, S. Ringrose, S. Ritchie, C.A. Ritchie, J.C.Ritchie, Jerry C.Ritter, Darryl Ritz, K. Roald, T. Robb, D.A. Roberg, S.Robinson, B.L.Robinson, B.S. Rodgers, G.A. Rogers, L.J. Rolko, K.E.Romo, Roberto L. Romo, J.T.Ronikier, Michal Rorison, I.H. Rose, A.H.Rosentreter, R.Rosentreter, Roger Rougeaux, H.Roussomoustakaki, M. Rowell, P. 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Seppelt, R.D. Seppelt, RodSerpe, Marcelo D. Srusiaux, E. Shachak, M.Shachak, Moshe Shainberg, I. Shalan, S.N.Shanmungasunndaram, S. Shapiro, J.A. Sharifi, M.R. Shaver, G.R. Shaw, N.L.Shaw, Nancy L.Shear, William Sheehan, P.L.Shephard, K.L.Shepherd, U.L.Sheppard, B.R. Sherman, L.A.Shields, Lora Mangum Shilo, M. Shin, S.Y.Shomer-Ilan, A.Shomer-Ilan, Adiva Shubert, L.E.Shukla, Prabhu N.Siegfried, W.R. Siegwolf, R. Sigler, W.V.Simberloff, D. Simon, R.D. Singer, M.A. Singer, M.J. Singh, S.C. Sinha, R.P.Skarpe, Christina Skert, N. Skipnes, O. Sliwa, Lucyna Smirnoff, N. Smith, A.J.E. Smith, B.N. Smith, D.C. Smith, David Smith, J.L. Smith, M.M. Smith, R. Smith, S.N.Smith, Stanley D. Sneh, B. Snelgar, W.P. Snyder, J.M. Soeldner, A. Soeldner, AlSohlberg, E.H. Sojo, F.Sokolov, V. E.Solhaug, Knut A. Solheim, B.Solheim, Bjrn Somero, G.N.Sooksawang, A.Souza-Egipsy, VirginiaSderstrm, B.E.Srensen, J.G. Spaeth, K.E. Spaink, H.P. Sparks, R. Spencer, T.Spjelkavik, S. D    2 T E ? / $Yechieli, A. Oren, A. Yair, A. 1995{The effect of moisture distribution on bacterial numbers and microbial activities along a hillslope, northern Negev, IsraelAdvances in GeoEcology28193-207o:3cyanobacteria, biological soil crust, soil food web"Yelloly, J.M. Whitton, B.A. 1996Seasonal changes in ambient phosphate and phosphatase activities of the cyanobacterium Rivularia atra in intertidal pools at Tyne Sands, Scotlandp W e  Hydrobiologiao 325d201-212r|vcyanobacterium decomposing seaweed hair Laminaria phosphomonoesterase rock pool seasonal dessication BSC Cyanobacteria ref pulled Yisraeli, T. 1990TMThe role of cyanobacteria in stabilization of sand dunes in the Negev, Israel ("The Hebrew University of Jerusalem56 M.Sc"Hebrew with English abstract&Yoch, Duane C. Arnon, Daniel I.m 1974>7Biological nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic bacteria  Quispel, A.t& The Biology of Nitrogen Fixation  Amsterdam & North-Holland Publishing Company687-695.'Yoshida, T. Roncal, R.A. Bautista, E.M. 1973,&Nitrogen fixation in a Philippine soil2,Proceedings of the 2nd Asian Soil Conference  Indonesia(!Yoshida, Lidia C. Allen, Edith B. 2001voResponse to ammonium and nitrate by a mycorrhizal annual invasive grass and native shrub in southern Californiar American Journal of Botany888- 1430-1436arbuscular mycorrhizae, Artemisia californica, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens, coastal sage scrub, nitrogen deposition, fungi, desiccation, bscBGO("Youtie, B. Ponzetti, J. Salzer, D. 1999rlFire and herbicides for exotic annual grass control: effects on native plants and microbiotic soil organisms & Eldridge, D.J. Freudenberger, D.hbPeople and Rangelands: Building the Future; Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress (!Townsville, Queensland, Australia *#VI International Rangeland Congress 2590-591July 19-23, 1999D=Yunes, J. suzuki, M.T. Silvera, A.G. Camargo, M. Werner, V.R.t 1990|LNitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria from the Patos lagoon estuary: Nostoc muscorum = VOCincia e Cultura (Revista da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Cincia)e42 5/6e375-383e general fix0Yunes, Joo S. 1995fEffects of light and CO2 on nitrite liberation by the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis  @ S "Journal of Plant Physiology 147313-320cyanobacteria, crust Zaady, Eli Shachak, Moshe 1994F@Microphytic soil crust and ecosystem leakage in the Negev Desert American Journal of Botany816109 (Abstract)2,Zaady, Eli Groffman, Peter M. Shachak, Moshe 1996\VLitter as a regulator of N and C dynamics in macrophytic patches in Negev Desert soils$Soil Biology and Biochemistryf281y 39-46cyanobacteria, crust*$Zaady, E. Groffman, P.M. Shachak, M. 1996NHRelease and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils$Biology and Fertility of Soils23*$Zaady, E. Groffman, P.M. Shachak, M. 1996PIRelease and consumptiion of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soilsn$Biology and Fertility of Soils23399-404a}snails, nitrogen, desert, mineralization, nitrification, respiration, feces, N cycling processes, BSC, Cyanobacteria, lichensa$#L!X _ | "   Hancock, K.F. 1960`ZSome factors affecting growth and production of motile cells in five chlorococcacean algae Tuscaloosa, AL University of AlabamaPh.D. Dissertation4-Hansen, R.M. Johnson, M.K. Van Devender, T.R. 1976EFoods of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, in Arizona and Utahe  0  HerpetologicaS323 247-251dHansen, Eric Steen 1999f_Epilithic lichens on iron- and copper-containing crusts at Qeqertarsuaq, Central West GreenlandGraphis Scripta10 7-12XQsoil chemistry, parent material, basalt, gneiss, substrate, biological soil crustHansen, Eric Steen 20012+Lichen-rich soil crusts of Arctic Greenland Belnap, J. Lange, O.B;Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management Berlin Springer-Verlag 57-655 Harder, R. 1917kErnahrungsphsiologische untersuchengen an Cyanophyceen, nauptsachlich dem eudo phytischen Nostoc puntiforme Z Z. Bot.i9145-242Harder, R. Oppermann, A. 1953_ber antibiotische stoffe bei den grun Algen Stichococcus bacillaris und Protosiphon botryoides - D I Archives Mikrobiologie19398-401<5Hardy, R.W.F. Holsten, R.D. Jackson, E.K. Burns, R.C.  1968NThe acetylene-ethylene assay for N2 fixation: laboratory and field evaluation " @# Plant Physiology43 1185-1207lcyanobacteria, crust.'Hardy, R.W.F. Burns, R.C. Holsten, R.D. 1973XQApplications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation$Soil Biology and Biochemistry5 47-81.(Hardy, R.W.F. Burns, R.C. Holstein, R.D. 1973XQApplications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation Soil Biol. Biochem.{5l 47-81i  Hardy, R.W.F. Gibson, A.H. 1977(!A treatise on dinitrogen fixation New York John Wiley and Sons.'Harel, Yariv Ohad, Itzhak Kaplan, Aaron 2004tnActivation of photosynthesis and resistance to photoinhibition in cyanobacteria within biological desert crustPlant Physiology 136i2i 3070-3079r 0032-0889n 862NGaPHOTOSYSTEM-II D1 PROTEIN DESICCATION TOLERANCE INDUCED INACTIVATION NEGEV DESERT WIND EROSION SOIL CRUSTS TURNOVER PROTECTION WATER wet and dry years wet-dry wet dry BSC UVD=Filamentous cyanobacteria are the main primary producers in biological desert sand crusts. The cells are exposed to extreme environmental conditions including temperature, light, and diurnal desiccation/rehydration cycles. We have studied the kinetics of activation of photosynthesis during rehydration of the cyanobacteria, primarily Microcoleus sp., within crust samples collected in the Negev desert, Israel. We also investigated their susceptibility to photoinhibition. Activation of the photosynthetic apparatus, measured by fluorescence kinetics, thermoluminescence, and low temperature fluorescence emission spectra, did not require de novo protein synthesis. Over 50% of the photosystem II (PSII) activity, assembled phycobilisomes, and photosystem I (PSI) antennae were detected within less than 5 min of rehydration. Energy transfer to PSII and PSI by the respective antennae was fully established within 10 to 20 min of rehydration. The activation of a fraction of PSII population (about 20%-30%) was light and temperature-dependent but did not require electron flow to plastoquinone [was not inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. The cyanobacteria within the crusts are remarkably resistant to photoinhibition even in the absence of protein synthesis. The rate of PSII repair increased with light intensity and with time of exposure. Consequently, the extent of photoinhibition in high-light-exposed crusts reached a constant, relatively low, level. This is in contrast to model organisms such as Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 where PSII activity declined continuously over the entire exposure to high illumination. Ability of the crust's organisms to rapidly activate photosynthesis upon rehydration and withstand photoinhibition under high light intensity may partly explain their ability to survive in this ecosystem.D=Dave Jayne Ed CCOD Issue 48 emailed 6-20-05 tk PDF on K drive'Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91014, Israel aaronka@vms.huji.ac.il Haring, I.M. 196181A checklist of the mosses of the state of Arizona1 Bryologist64222-240}put in Crust biblio ,&Harper, Kimball T. St. Clair, Larry L. 1985|vCryptogamic soil crusts on arid and semiarid rangelands in Utah: effects on seedling establishment and soil stability  Provo, UTe Bureau of Land Management 32February 24, 1985t Final Report("BLM Contract No. BLM AA 851-CTI-48cyanobacteria, crust*#Harper, Kimball T. Marble, James R.2 1988RKA role for nonvascular plants in management of arid and semiarid rangelands  Tueller, P.T.LEVegetation Science Applications for Rangeland Analysis and Management Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers135-1692cyanobacteria, crust Harper, K.T. 1989d^The role of nonvascular plants in long-term stability of vascular plant communities of deserts4-Bulletin of the Ecological Society of Americac70 134 Tslil Gutnick, David L. 1994ZSA role for exopollysaccharides in the protection of microorganisms from desiccation\,&Applied and Environmental Microbiology60740-745r Orshan, G. 1986$The deserts of the Middle East ,&Evenari, M. Noy-Meir, I. Goodall, D.W.("Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands, B  Amsterdam Elsevier"Ecosystems of the World 12Bg 1-28ZTOrtega-Morales, B.O. Lpez-Corts, A. Hernndez-Duque, G. Crassous, P. Guezennec, J. 2001b[[27] Extracellular polymers of microbial communities colonizing ancient limestone monumentsMethods in Enzymology 336331-339missing references Orwin, Joanna 1972RLThe effect of environment on assemblages of lichens growing on rock surfaces$New Zealand Journal of Botany101 36-47cyanobacteria, crust  Osborn, B.O. 1950$Range cover tames the raindrop BGrowth and Reproductive Strategies of Freshwater Phytoplankton  Cambridge Cambridge University Press261-315cyanobacteria, crust81Paerl, Hans W. Bebout, Brad M. Prufert, Leslie E. 1989sBacterial associations with marine Oscillatoria sp. (Trichodesmium sp.) populations: ecophysiological implications # / 5 B Journal of Phycology25773-784cyanobacteria, crust, algal-bacterial associations, heterotrophic bacteria, microautoradiography, microelectrodes, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, respiration, Trichodesmium t @u  Paerl, Hans W. 1990EPhysiological ecology and regulation of N2 fixation in natural waters ) @* $Advances in Microbial Ecology11305-343cyanobacteria, crustPaerl, Hans W. 199281Epi- and endobiotic interactions of cyanobacteriao  Reisser, W.oRKAlgae and Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Exploredb Bristol, England Biopress Limited537-565q$dessication BSC Cyanobacteriae ref pulledPaerl, Hans W. 1996haMicroscale physiological and ecological studies of aquatic cyanoacteria: macroscale implications$Microscopy Research Technique33 47-72ulfcyanobacterial-bacterial associations, nutualism, symbioses, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, oxygen Painter, T.J. 1993^XCarbohydrate polymers in desert reclamation: the potential of microalgal biofertilizersCarbohydrate Polymersr20 77-868 Painter, T.J. 1995}Biofertilizers: exceptional calcium binding affinity of a sheath proteoglycan from the blue green soil alga Nostoc calcicolan m Carbohydrate Polymers926231-2336Painter, Terence J. 19966/Desert cyanobacteria: extraordinary excavators Biologist43154-157.'Pajdak-Sts, A. Fialkowska, E. Fyda, J.n 2004[Vulnerability of Nostoc muscorum Agardh (Cyanophyceae) motile hormogonia to ciliate grazingC Journal of Phycology402271-274 0022-3646 805GI~xcyanobacteria/grazers/life cycle/protozoa/resistance/CYANOBACTERIA/NASSULA/FURGASONIA, BSC, cyanobacteria, soil food webZSExperiments were carried out to investigate if the stage of life cycle of Nostoc muscorum Agardh alters vulnerability to grazing by Pseudomicrothorax dubius Maupas. When the percentage of motile hormogonia of all counted trichomes exceeded 10%, most of the grazers (80%-100%) became satiated within 2 h. In most cases (90%) grazers successfully attacked motile hormogonia. Attacks on nonmotile trichomes were much rarer (8%) and mainly unsuccessful. Direct observations revealed that hormogonia could be ingested by the ciliates as long as they remained motile. Hormogonia already adhered to the bottom were still recognized by ciliates as potential food but were not ingested. We did not observe attacks on old vegetative colonies. This is apparently the first report on the motile stage of Nostoc being susceptible to ciliate grazing. Experiments with other grazers, Nassula tumida Maskell and two different clones of Furgassonia blochmanni Faure-Fremiet, showed that only one clone of F. Blochmanni was able to feed on motile hormogonia, whereas the second clone and N. Tumida showed no interest in them.o(03) Pajdak Stos A/Jagiellonian Univ/Inst Environm Sci/Dept Hydrobiol/Gronostajowa 3/PL 30387 Krakow/POLAND (42) English Article Pakarinen, P.u 19842+Mineral element accumulation in bog lichens  Brown, D.H.("Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology New York  Plenum Press185-192elichen, bsc, desiccation"Palka, Karina Sliwa, Lucyna 2004$Lichen species new to MongoliaPolish Botanical Journal491  35-43bTNlichens, distr, Khubsugul [Hvsgl] region, Altai, Mongolia, Central Asia, BSC81Pallis, R.G. Okwach, G. Rose, C.W. 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